tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41496696823653828432024-02-15T20:37:52.253-08:00The World Around UsBasic science information presented in an accessible, easy-to-understand manner. Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.comBlogger234125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-32721080565335202302024-01-31T04:33:00.000-08:002024-01-31T05:07:51.930-08:00Strength of Chemical Bonds<p> <b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/general-chemistry.html"><font color="#b51200">General Chemistry Index</font></a></b></p><div><b style="color: #9e9e9e;">Where are we going with this?</b><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"> This page will give the ability to<i> u</i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>se laboratory observations and data to compare and contrast ionic, covalent, network, metallic, polar, and non-polar substances with respect to constituent particles, strength of bonds, melting and boiling points, and conductivity; provide examples of each type.</i></span></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Strength of Chemical Bonds / Bond Energy</b><br /></span><i>Are all chemical bonds the same… </i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div>Compounds are formed when two or more elements <u>combine chemically</u> in fixed, specific ratios. <i>Combine… What?</i></div><div><br /></div><div>Elements combine to form compounds by <b>bonding</b> to other elements—in fixed, specific ratios. They do this in several ways, both <u>intramolecularly</u> (strong) and <u>intermolecularly</u> (weaker). <span style="font-size: x-small;">(<a href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/trident-boundless-chemistry/chapter/types-of-chemical-bonds/#:~:text=Chemical%20bonds%20include%20covalent%2C%20polar,are%20attracted%20to%20each%20other." target="_blank">See also.</a>)</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Intramolecular bonds occur as either ionic or covalent (and some covalent bonds are polar).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>When considering the strength of chemical bonds, it is convenient to rank bond strength by type of bond. However do thing this is a drastic over-simplification.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Aside from saying that intramolecular bonds are stronger than intermolecular bonds, we cannot say always this or that<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (it is chemistry, after all!).</span></i></div><div><br /></div><div>"When a bond is strong, there is a higher bond energy because it takes more energy to break a strong bond" (<a href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Bond_Energies" target="_blank">Source, 2024</a>). Thus, bond strength is actually a way of comparing bond energy. And bond energy is far from simple!</div><div><br /></div><div>The following table shows the bond energy of various bonds:</div><div><br /></div><div>
<table align="center" border="1" class="mt-responsive-table mt-table-big">
<caption>Table 1: Average Bond Energies (kJ/mol)</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th colspan="6" scope="col" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Single Bonds</strong></th>
<th colspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Multiple Bonds</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;" width="8%"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">H—H</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" width="7%">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">432</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;" width="8%"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">N—H</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" width="13%">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">391</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;" width="9%"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">I—I</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" width="9%">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">149</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;" width="10%"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C = C</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" width="36%">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">614</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">H—F</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">565</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">N—N</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">160</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">I—Cl</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">208</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C ≡ C</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">839</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">H—Cl</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">427</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">N—F</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">272</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">I—Br</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">175</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">O = O</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">495</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">H—Br</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">363</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">N—Cl</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">200</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C = O*</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">745</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">H—I</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">295</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">N—Br</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">243</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">S—H</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">347</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C ≡ O</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1072</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">N—O</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">201</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">S—F</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">327</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">N = O</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">607</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C—H</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">413</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">O—H</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">467</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">S—Cl</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">253</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">N = N</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">418</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C—C</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">347</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">O—O</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">146</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">S—Br</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">218</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">N ≡ N</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">941</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C—N</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">305</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">O—F</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">190</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">S—S</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">266</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C ≡ N</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">891</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C—O</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">358</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">O—Cl</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">203</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C = N</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">615</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C—F</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">485</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">O—I</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">234</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Si—Si</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">340</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C—Cl</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">339</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Si—H</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">393</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C—Br</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">276</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">F—F</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">154</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Si—C</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">360</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C—I</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">240</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">F—Cl</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">253</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Si—O</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">452</span></div>
</td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">C—S</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">259</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">F—Br</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">237</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cl—Cl</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">239</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cl—Br</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">218</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Single Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Br—Br</span></strong></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981">
<div class="mt-align-center"><span style="font-size: x-small;">193</span></div>
</td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="lt-chem-1981" data-th="Multiple Bonds" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
<td class="mt-colspan lt-chem-1981"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" class="lt-chem-1981 mt-colspan" colspan="8" data-th="Multiple Bonds">
<div align="left"><font size="-1">*C <font size="+1">==</font> O(CO<sub><font size="-1">2</font></sub>) = 799</font></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div><div> (<a href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Bond_Energies" target="_blank">Source, 2024</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>A cursory look will indicate that a lot of the ionic bonds are stronger than a lot of the single covalent bonds. <b>But looking closer will reveal that not all ionic bonds are stronger than all covalent bonds</b>, </div><div><br /></div><div>For instance, compare the Si-O bond (covalent) to the H-Cl (ionic) bond.</div><div><br /></div><div>FURTHER, most of the double and triple covalent bonds are stronger (have higher bond energy) than most of the ionic bonds (c.f. C ≡ C ).</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><i>So what?</i></span></div><div><br /></div><div>To rank bond strength by bond type proves to be a pretty bad idea. While there are tendencies, there is no all-fitting rule. In the end, the convenience of such an attempt must be sacrificed to accuracy. </div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-17595227733203894832023-05-12T06:16:00.012-07:002023-05-12T06:33:47.679-07:00<p> <b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/standard-physics.html"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;">Physics Index</span></a></b></p><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="color: #9e9e9e;">Where are we going with this?</b><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"> The information on this page is related to basic astronomy and astrophysics.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><br /></span></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><b>Astronomy: </b></span><b>A Group-sourced Collection of</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Concepts, Information, and Ideas</b></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>The following information was compiled by students (group-sourced) as an in-class project.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div style = "margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
width: 75%;">
<embed type="text/html" src="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQxSTZTLWoWooSiPVOyBnQzfXIb3jAuky6OWNnKsz5DwMu2z1m0Ou9SKe8o0KA56ocKJBkkXK_UKtKM/pub?embedded=true" width="675" height="600px">
<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Refer to the cited sources for additional information.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-73101134195642466492023-02-27T04:55:00.003-08:002023-02-27T06:47:22.820-08:00Torque: Types of Levers<p> <b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/standard-physics.html"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;">Physics Index</span></a></b></p><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="color: #9e9e9e;">Where are we going with this?</b><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"> The information on this page connects to standards such as:</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #9e9e9e;">• </span></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;">Gather evidence to defend the claim of Newton's first law of motion by explaining the effect that balanced forces have upon objects that are stationary or are moving at constant velocity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #9e9e9e;">•Recognize and communicate information about energy efficiency and/or inefficiency of machines used in everyday life.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Torque: Types of Levers</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>(Hmm… I thought torque was something in car engines!)</i></span></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><span style="color: #660000;">Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it, and I shall move the world.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color: #660000;">~Archimedes</span></div></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(As if!)</span></i></div><div><br /></div><div>But, he's not wrong. Mathematically, that is.</div><div><br /></div><div>Let's dig into this a little!</div><div><br /></div><div><b>The concept of levers and torque are directly connected to motion that rotates around a pivot point. This motion can be considered to be clockwise around the point or counterclockwise (anticlockwise).</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Every lever system has three parts: the lever, the effort and the load.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>And… every lever has two parts. </b></div><div><br /></div><div>We are going to call one of those parts the lever arm. <b>The lever arm is the beam <i>or whatever</i> that is used.</b> More on this after we define other parts.</div><div><br /></div><div>The second part of the lever is a fulcrum. <b>The fulcrum (sometimes called the pivot) is the thing around which the lever arm rotates.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>The <b>effort <i>is a force that is applied to the lever arm at some distance from the fulcrum</i>.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>The <b>load <i>is also a force that will have an effect on the lever arm</i></b>. </div><div><br /></div><div>Generally, the effort is acting on the load. </div><div><br /></div><div>Circling back to lever arm…</div><div><br /></div><div><b><i>The</i> lever arm<i> is the part of a lever system that sits on and rotates around the </i>fulcrum<i> and to which is applied the </i>effort<i> so that it can act on the </i>load<i>.</i></b></div><div><br /></div><div>The effort is trying to rotate the lever arm around the fulcrum. The load is resisting this motion.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is incorrect to say that if the effort is greater than the load the lever will rotate as desired. Force alone is not enough to determine what will happen.</div><div><br /></div><div>What determines the rotation is something called torque.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Torque <i>is the potential to rotate the lever and is <u>the product of the applied force and the distance from the fulcrum.</u></i></b></div><div><br /></div><div>Caveat: </div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;">• it is ONLY the vector component of the force that is perpendicular to the lever arm. So, sometimes, you have to deconstruct the force to find the perpendicular component. </div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>Hence, where <i>T</i> is torque, <i>F</i> is force and <i>d</i> is distance from the fulcrum…</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>T = Fd</i></div></blockquote><div></div><div><br /></div><div>Torque adds up in a lever system. Clockwise torque and counterclockwise torque have opposite signs.</div><div><br /></div><div>If you think of a positive torque as attempting to cause clockwise rotation around the fulcrum, then negative torque will be attempting to cause counterclockwise rotation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Where <i>T</i> is torque, the net torque will be the signed sum of all the torques acting on the lever, so that…</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>T(<span style="font-size: xx-small;">net</span>) = T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> + T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>…</i></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>If you say that clockwise is positive…</div><div><br /></div><div>…if the result is positive, then you have clockwise rotation.</div><div>…if the result is negative, then you have counterclockwise rotation.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000;">Now, if you want to complicate the math, you can say that the fulcrum is at distance zero, then measure left as positive and right as negative, then say that forces "up" are negative and "down" are positive, then, plug all those in so that…</span></div><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000;"><i><span> </span>T(<span style="font-size: xx-small;">net</span>) = F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + </i><i>F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span></i><i>+ F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3 </span></i>…</span></div><div><br /></div><div>It will work out…</div><div><br /></div><div>A more "tangible" approach is to keep up logically with the torques as counterclockwise and clockwise. </div><div><br /></div><div>Sometimes, you are looking for a solution that results in equilibrium. <i>That is to say that there is either no rotation or that the rotation is occuring at a constant rate.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>This would mean that</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>T(cw) = T(ccw)</i></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>In such a case, it's easy and logical to sort the various forces to the appropriate side of the equation.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;">Types of Levers</h2><div>Though there are three types of levers, the math on them is essentially the same:</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>T(<span style="font-size: xx-small;">net</span>) = T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> + T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>…</i></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>The types of levers are categorized according to the configuration of load, effort, and fulcrum.</div><div><br /></div><div><b><i>Class 1 Lever</i></b></div><div><br /></div><div>"For the Class 1 lever the pivot lies between the effort and load. A see saw in a playground is an example of a Class 1 lever where the effort balances the load."</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhblCwgxkWO01dQd31ZvplnfHXRuqGu8ZEoSek5b5lULt_YmxZy4wOtquoL3lLdhhC5k0ahHPySwoYypuVr1tBFyilnf1Q_mcNymapqyqEX8J6QK4qhF3pFOHTZNW7Hysd-Qm30zrp30FxqgtsOz0g3Vk7YTREs1eyCdFNB-SCj2640cco7KqpqkZvi9Q/s531/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-27%20at%208.29.16%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="531" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhblCwgxkWO01dQd31ZvplnfHXRuqGu8ZEoSek5b5lULt_YmxZy4wOtquoL3lLdhhC5k0ahHPySwoYypuVr1tBFyilnf1Q_mcNymapqyqEX8J6QK4qhF3pFOHTZNW7Hysd-Qm30zrp30FxqgtsOz0g3Vk7YTREs1eyCdFNB-SCj2640cco7KqpqkZvi9Q/w400-h169/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-27%20at%208.29.16%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>In the above image, if the effort is counterclockwise, then the load is clockwise. So, if the product of effort and distance is greater than the product of load and distance, the lever arm will rotate counterclockwise.</div><div><br /></div><br /><div><b><i>Class 2 Lever</i></b></div><div><br /></div><div>"For the Class 2 lever the load is between the pivot and the effort (like a wheelbarrow). The effort force needed is less than the load force, so there is a mechanical advantage."</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih2Tt3VH3ZgvT5hICMQFX3txP6kLy3WonzWm3-_63QpOAUJZYunIT-2wTS7ZGhHhNKHaJln0n23X5FWMz66M4Prvi9l2WKIq9Th8yDhVnmD7aRZvjtO7NmOB60eRvjAPsfyP7omvyM534pmv5dQz13EduJZBJa0Bv2FHxf_BCaPnk7vSEgr9esAe4qnQ/s589/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-27%20at%208.31.00%20AM.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="589" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih2Tt3VH3ZgvT5hICMQFX3txP6kLy3WonzWm3-_63QpOAUJZYunIT-2wTS7ZGhHhNKHaJln0n23X5FWMz66M4Prvi9l2WKIq9Th8yDhVnmD7aRZvjtO7NmOB60eRvjAPsfyP7omvyM534pmv5dQz13EduJZBJa0Bv2FHxf_BCaPnk7vSEgr9esAe4qnQ/w400-h138/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-27%20at%208.31.00%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div>In this image, load would be clockwise and effort counterclockwise. Since torque is distance times force (effort), a small effort would move a larger load.<br /><div><br /></div><div><i><b>Class 3 Lever</b></i></div><div><br /></div><div>"For a Class 3 lever the load is further away from the pivot than the effort. There is no mechanical advantage because the effort is greater than the load. However this disadvantage is compensated with a larger movement. This type of lever system also gives us the advantage of a much greater speed of movement."</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiepu9uM452Nk6KjwibjX9LzwQ8lZT0CixFHKYSymEKiivVL8kEuDvPIt8_MtCtnlXwamII6mPnWzs9VQCHk3lTB-LsWG7tHUfb2V8quMNRtEafe7QEYo3F8gjskUp19ZuNhN7-NAx1YbY5Nmly9W-oJDtyvKf8hMiOm3tQdeN79IbBU-e6ecB7Z6d5-w/s550/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-27%20at%208.35.42%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="550" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiepu9uM452Nk6KjwibjX9LzwQ8lZT0CixFHKYSymEKiivVL8kEuDvPIt8_MtCtnlXwamII6mPnWzs9VQCHk3lTB-LsWG7tHUfb2V8quMNRtEafe7QEYo3F8gjskUp19ZuNhN7-NAx1YbY5Nmly9W-oJDtyvKf8hMiOm3tQdeN79IbBU-e6ecB7Z6d5-w/w400-h158/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-27%20at%208.35.42%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>In this image, load would be clockwise and effort counterclockwise. Since torque is distance times force (effort), a large effort would be needed to move a smaller load.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>See also: <a href="https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1924-what-levers-does-your-body-use">https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1924-what-levers-does-your-body-use</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>There can be far more complex arrangements involving multiple efforts and loads. However, the principle remains the same:</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Where <i>T</i> is torque, the net torque will be the signed sum of all the torques acting on the lever, so that…</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><i>T(<span style="font-size: xx-small;">net</span>) = T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> + T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>…</i></blockquote><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIaG9TwdPwMioMw_FZugrxv06xFA5Hjx1oHvZ5aPY3_AuagXDO-TvWznYAIh7GaU8KCdOELQXbGQ7xG3jBhql1M1unbQd5hwsX70yQGz0Vj33wK56Ref8Vd3s8tpQ7wiUlQrDLPsp-B8gIMfm9O15V6U5oZBkfv7s7sKdJHwgxdaZeGVXQa3rTgjHlCQ/s887/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-27%20at%208.42.49%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="887" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIaG9TwdPwMioMw_FZugrxv06xFA5Hjx1oHvZ5aPY3_AuagXDO-TvWznYAIh7GaU8KCdOELQXbGQ7xG3jBhql1M1unbQd5hwsX70yQGz0Vj33wK56Ref8Vd3s8tpQ7wiUlQrDLPsp-B8gIMfm9O15V6U5oZBkfv7s7sKdJHwgxdaZeGVXQa3rTgjHlCQ/w640-h396/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-27%20at%208.42.49%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Where the roadway is considered the lever arm, each support footing is a fulcrum, each cable is an upward force (effort) and the roadway and every car is a load. It is notable that the upward forces only exist in opposition to the downward forces. </i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-10389135831780382272022-12-02T05:14:00.013-08:002024-02-15T05:05:24.018-08:00Momentum: Notes and Such<p><b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/standard-physics.html"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;">Physics Index</span></a></b></p><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="color: #9e9e9e;">Where are we going with this?</b><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"> The information on this page connects to standards such as:</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #9e9e9e;">• </span></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;">Using experimental evidence and investigations, determine that Newton’s second law of motion defines force as a change in momentum, F = Δp/Δt.</span></div><div><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #9e9e9e;">• </span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;">Develop and apply the impulse-momentum theorem along with scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on an object during a collision (e.g., helmet, seatbelt, parachute).</span></div><div><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #9e9e9e;">• Assess the validity of the law of conservation of linear momentum (p=mv) by planning and constructing a controlled scientific investigation involving two objects moving in one-dimension.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Momentum: Notes and Such</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>(Wow! Now, that's a fancy title!)</i></span></div><div><br /></div><div>What is momentum? Well… It's not a force… And it's not energy… Basically, it's a thing that helps us understand motion. And collisions.</div><div><br /></div><div><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(You gotta do better than that!)</span></i></div><div><br /></div><div>A more formal definition would say that <b>momentum</b> <b style="font-style: italic;">is the quantity of motion, the product of an object's mass and its velocity</b>, and it can be quantized as</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>p = mv</i></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"> </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;">where is <i>p</i> is momentum, <i>m</i> is mass, and <i>v</i> is velocity.</div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>This means that the units for momentum are</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>kg•m/s</i></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>Momentum is… boring… <i>unless something changes</i>. Just watching a football player run at a constant velocity isn't very interesting.</div><div><br /></div><div>Where momentum becomes interesting is when something happens. Momentum concepts can then help us describe it.</div><div><br /></div><div>The first application is when momentum changes… So, you got a thing with some momentum. Then something happens and there is less mass. Or more. Or the velocity changes.</div><div><br /></div><div>This is sort of an abstract concept that helps us illustrate that (<i>this is important!</i>)…</div><div><br /></div><div><b>within any closed system, momentum is conserved</b>. Unless something different is introduced to the system, momentum is a constant.</div><div><br /></div><div>Hence, within a closed system, any changes are limited to within that system, so the momentum can be thought of as having a first and second state (and 3rd, 4th, etc… if you so desired). So, we can formulize that to say that<br /></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> = p</i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>2</i></span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></div><div><br /></div><div>And since <i>p = mv</i>, then it follows that</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> = m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>v</i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>2</i></span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></div><div><br /></div><div>This will lead to questions where WITHIN THE CLOSED SYSTEM the mass or velocity will change (by means that somehow do not violate the "closed system" concept).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>A far more realistic application is one in which something affects the moving object and thus causes a change to the momentum.</b> This gives rise questions that examine the <i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> = m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>v</i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>2</i></span> in momentum from a first condition to a second (and third, fourth, fifth… if so desired).</div><div><br /></div><div>This can be represented as…</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><i>∆p = p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> - p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></i></div><div><i style="font-weight: bold;">∆p = </i><i style="font-weight: bold;">m</i><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">2</span><i style="font-weight: bold;">v</i><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">2<span> <span> - </span></span></span><i style="font-weight: bold;"> m</i><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">1</span><i style="font-weight: bold;">v</i><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">1</span><i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span><span> </span><span> </span></span></span><i style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;"><--- plug in</i><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><i style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;"> </i> (eq. 1</div></blockquote><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div>Frequently, this will be seen when the velocity of an object changes. Since it is the same object</div><div><br /></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> = m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></i></blockquote><div><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></div><div><br /></div></div><div>So the formula can be represented as:</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><i>∆p = m(v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> - v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>) </i><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic;"> </span><i style="font-size: small;"> </i> (eq. 2</b></div></blockquote><div><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div>The astute observer will recognize that </div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> - v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> = ∆v</i></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>Leading to the fancified version of equation 2 shown below</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><i>∆p = m∆v </i><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic;"> </span><i style="font-size: small;"> </i> (eq. 3</b></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>A less frequent possibility is where mass changes (or when both mass and velocity change). Equation 1 can be a starting point for those situations.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><i>IMPORTANT NOTE</i></b></div><div>Momentum is the product of velocity and mass, and velocity has a direction, so therefore, momentum has a direction (it is a vector). You will have to attend to the positive and negative values as directions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Further, (LIKE ALL VECTORS), momentum need not occur on a single axis. Vectors can be deconstructed into orthogonal components, then all of the components can be recombined into resultant vectors.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3>Momentum In Action—A First Look: Inelastic Collisions</h3><div>Key to understanding what's going when two (or more) objects collide is to know that, <b>within a closed system momentum is conserved. </b></div></div><div><br /></div><div>That means that, at any point within the closed system the sum of all the momentums of all the objects in the system stays the same. You can't end up with more momentum than you start with!</div><div><br /></div><div>So if there are 2 objects, and one has a momentum of 5 kg•m/s and the other has a momentum of 3 kg•m/s the total momentum will always be 8 kg•m/s. If the two objects interact with each other (collide) the distribution of momentum can change, but the total will always be 8.</div><div><br /></div><div><h3>Collisions</h3><div><br /></div><div>There are two types of collisions. </div><div><br /></div><div>In an <b>elastic collision, <i>two things collide and bounce off each other, going off separately after the collision.</i></b></div><div><br /></div><div><div>In an <b>inelastic collision, <i>two things collide and stick to each other, going off as a single thing after the collision.</i></b></div><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><h3>Collisions (Both types)</h3><div>In a system involving a collision, we look at the two (or more) objects as they interact. We look at them in isolation, generally. That is to say, we only consider how they are interacting with each other.</div><div><br /></div><div>In this case, we have a closed system in which momentum is conserved. That means that, where case 1 is before the collision and case 2 is after, </div><div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">initial</span> = p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">final <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span>(Eq. 1</i></div></blockquote><div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Since the total momentum of a system is the momentum of all the objects in it, for any case we can say that</div><div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">tot</span> = p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> + …</i></div></blockquote><div><br /></div></div><div><div><div><div><h3>Inelastic Collisions</h3></div><div>In an <b>inelastic collision, <i>two things collide and stick to each other, going off as a single thing after the collision.</i></b></div><div><br /></div><div>Recalling that momentum is conserved, it follows that the momentum of the two objects before the collision must be equal to the momentum of the two objects after the collision. This…</div></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div><div><i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">initial</span> = p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">final </span></i></div></div></div><div><i></i></div></blockquote><p>So, if there are 2 objects, object 1 and object 2, then the initial momentum is</p></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">initial</span> = p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></i></p></div></div></blockquote><div><div><p><br /></p><p>And since momentum is found as</p></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>p = mv</i></p></div></div></blockquote><div><div><p>we can substitute in for <i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> and p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></i></p></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">initial</span> = p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></i> </p></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">initial</span> = m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></i><i>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></i><i> + </i><i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></i><i>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></i><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></i> </p></blockquote><div><div><p><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></i></p><p>Now, <i>for inelastic collisions</i>, m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> and m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> become stuck to each other. They go off as <u>one</u> thing, with only <u>one</u> mass and only <u>one</u> velocity.</p></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><i style="color: #38761d;"><b>Okay… so, we have 2 objects and a before (initial) and after (final) situation. We could pile up subscrips such as…</b></i></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><i><b>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>i + m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>i …</b></i></span></p></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div><p><span style="color: #38761d;"><i><b>OR… we can change the symbol for initial velocity and keep things less messy… Let's do that…</b></i></span></p></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><div><div><p><br /> So, what we get is…</p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><b><i>let u be initial velocity and v be final velocity</i></b></blockquote><div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p> <i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>u<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>u<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 = </span></i><i>(m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>+ m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>)v<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>(Eq. 3</i></p></blockquote><div><p><i><br /></i></p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p><i>I like to think of it as…</i></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p><i>m3 = m1 + m2 </i></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p>This makes the the equation</p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p><i> m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>u<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>u<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 = </span>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>(Eq. 3 alt</i></p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><div><p><br /></p><p>___________________________</p><p><i>We will look at inelastic collisions after we examine the relationship between force, time, mass, and momentum.<br /></i>___________________________</p></div></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Force and Momentum</h3><div><br /></div><div>Another important consideration of momentum is the forces involved in creating momentum change.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>This concept assumes that, for some period of time, a force of some magnitude and direction act on an object causing a change in velocity which causes a change in momentum.</b> Let's have a look!</div><div><br /></div><div><i><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>p = <span style="color: #2b00fe;">m</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">v</span> (Fundamental momentum equation)</i></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>∆p = <span style="color: #2b00fe;">m</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">∆v </span><span> </span></i><span><i> (Eq. 1</i></span></div></blockquote><div><span></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Now, what causes velocity to change? Acceleration! </div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #cc0000;">∆v = </span><span style="color: #38761d;">a</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">∆t</span> (Eq. 2</i></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>Now, how is force related to acceleration?</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><i>F = m<span style="color: #38761d;">a</span></i></div><div><i><span style="color: #38761d;">a = F/m </span> (Eq. 3</i></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>Plug a from Eq. 3 into Eq. 2 we get</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #cc0000;">∆v = </span><span style="color: #38761d;">(</span><span style="color: #38761d;">F/m)</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">∆t</span> (Eq. 4</i></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>Now, plug Eq. 4 into Eq. 1 to get…</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div>∆p = <span style="color: #2b00fe;">m </span>•<span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span><span style="color: #38761d;">F/m </span>•<span style="color: #38761d;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">∆t</span><span style="color: #cc0000;"> </span> </div><div>∆p = <span style="color: #38761d;">F</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">∆t</span><span style="color: #cc0000;"> </span> <i style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;"><--- Cancel the m in above</i><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><i style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;"> </i> (Eq. 5</div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><i>One more version… </i>Substitute Eq. 1 into Eq. 5:</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">m</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">∆v</span></i> = <span style="color: #38761d;">F</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">∆t </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><i style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;"> </i> (Eq. 6</div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Different situations will call for the use of different equations, so look at what is given and pick accordingly.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Up to this point, we have examined momentum only from the perspective of a single object. However, the interaction of more than one object leads many interesting outcomes. </div><div><br /></div><div>This is usually considered collisions</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><div><div><br /></div><div><h3>Elastic Collisions</h3></div><div><br /></div><div>Since momentum for any object is </div><div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>p = mv</i></div></div></blockquote><div><div><br /></div><div>then</div><div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">tot</span> = m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> + … (Eq. 2</i></div></div></blockquote><div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>If we limit our discussion to two objects, we can roll Equation 2 back into Equation 1 and get</div><div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">initial</span> = p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">final </span></i></div></div><div><div><i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1i</span> + m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2i = </span></i><i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1f</span> + m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2f</span></i></div></div></blockquote><div><div><br /></div><div><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Woooo… That's a lot of subscripts!</span></i></div><div><br /></div><div>We can make the formula easier on the eyes if we do this…</div><div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><i>let u be initial velocity and v be final velocity</i></b></div></div></blockquote><div><div><br /></div><div>Since mass before and after does not change, then:</div><div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><div><i>p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">initial</span> = p<span style="font-size: xx-small;">final </span></i></div></div></div><div><div><div><i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>u<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>u<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 = </span></i><i>m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> + m<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span></i><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>(Eq. 3</i></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div><br /></div><div> </div><div>Equation 3 is easy to solve if you have seven of the eight values given. </div><div><br /></div><div>Often, though, you need to find one of the final velocities, but know the value of neither. <i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Yikes!</span></i></div><div><br /></div><div>Through <a href="https://www.doubtnut.com/question-answer-physics/derive-final-velocities-v1-and-v2-after-perfectly-elastic-collision-236917859" target="_blank">a fairly tedious algebra process</a>, you can arrive at the following formulas:</div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mrow><mspace width="1ex" /><mtext> </mtext><mspace width="1ex" /></mrow><mo>...</mo><mo>...</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mstyle></math>" face="Lato, sans-serif" id="MathJax-Element-14-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><i><msub><mi>v</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span>) / ( </mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>) • </mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> </mn></msub><mo>+ </mo><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> / (</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>) • </mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub><mrow><mspace width="1ex"></mspace><mtext> <span> </span><span> </span> </mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>(Eq. 4</mo></mrow></i></mstyle></math></span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><span face="Lato, sans-serif"><i><br /></i></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><mspace width="1ex" /><mtext> </mtext><mspace width="1ex" /></mrow><mo>...</mo><mo>...</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mstyle></math>" face="Lato, sans-serif" id="MathJax-Element-15-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><i><msub><mi>v</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>) / (</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>) • </mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> </mn></msub><mo>+ </mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> / (</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>) • </mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></mn></msub><mrow><mspace width="1ex"></mspace><mtext> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <span> </span> </span></mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>(Eq 5</mo></mrow></i></mstyle></math></span></span></span></div></div></blockquote><div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>You will see this in different forms, if you do research. You might see the second arranged like this:</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><mspace width="1ex" /><mtext> </mtext><mspace width="1ex" /></mrow><mo>...</mo><mo>...</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mstyle></math>" face="Lato, sans-serif" id="MathJax-Element-15-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><i><msub><mi>v</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub><mo>= </mo></i></mstyle></math></span></span></span><i style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> / (</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>) • </mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></mn></msub><mrow><mspace width="1ex"></mspace><mtext> + </mtext></mrow></i><i style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>) / (</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></mn></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>) • </mo></mrow><msub><mi>u</mi><mn><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> </mn></msub><mrow><mtext> </mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>(Eq 5 alt</mo></mrow></i></div></blockquote><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>It's math! You can rearrange things following the… you know… math rules!<br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><h3><br /></h3></div></div></div></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-54425999489057780552022-11-30T04:51:00.012-08:002022-12-02T04:21:46.455-08:00Buoyancy: Notes and Such<p><b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/standard-physics.html"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;">Physics Index</span></a></b></p><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="color: #9e9e9e;">Where are we going with this?</b><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"> The information on this page connects to standards that create understanding of the forces and interactions between objects is important for describing an object’s motion and determining the stability in a system. Students should understand that forces between objects arise from four types of interactions (gravitational, electromagnetism, and strong and weak nuclear interactions) and that some physical systems are more stable than others.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Buoyancy: Notes and Such</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>(Okay, this should be interesting!)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><p dir="ltr">Recalling that the formula for buoyancy is </p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">b</span> = -ρgV</i></p></div></blockquote><div>a little discussion is worthwhile. First off, b<b>uoyancy is in the opposite direction of gravity. Hence, the negative sign at the front of the equation.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>The rho (<i>ρ</i>) stands for density of the fluid. The <i>g</i> is acceleration due to gravity. The <i>V</i> is the volume of the fluid.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>So, in essence, the upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>If you displace 10 pounds of water (say you are floating a fireproof box), the upward force is 10 pounds. If you diplace 10 pounds of lava, the upward force is 10 pounds. <i>Naturally, 10 pounds of water has a much higher volume than 10 pounds of lava.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Generally, in physics, we work with kilograms, liters, and Newtons.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>When a solid object is placed in/on a fluid, it will either sink or float. If the weight of the fluid displaced before it goes under is greater than the object's weight, it will float. If not, it will sink. So, we can say <b>the force of weight (mg) of a floating object is equal to weight of the displaced fluid on which it is floating.</b></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><i>F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">weight</span> = F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">buoyancy</span></i></div><div><i>mg = -ρgV</i></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Conveniently, both the fluid and the object are affected by the same gravity, so the above relationship is true regarding mass, as well. T<b>he mass of a floating object is equal to the mass of the displaced fluid on which it is floating.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>When an object sinks, it still displaces some fluid. Thus, there is an upward force of some amount, but it is less than the force of weight. </div><div><br /></div><div>If you were to weigh a can of (not diet) soda in the air, then weigh it sunken in water, the weight would be less. It would decrease by an amount equal to the weight of the water displaced. (Plot twist, a lot of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=why+do+cans+of+diet+soda+float" target="_blank">diet sodas in a can will float</a>.)</div><div><br /></div><div>One more thing before we summarize… When the fluid is water, we can enjoy the fact that 1 liter of water weighs nearly, almost exactly 1 kilogram.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_WlwqcPAZJEfWYr7W-h8sDqtamfRC2G9Ep-XmmJhYgxXrypnkUmornMxea8AaW2iamI414Ag9RyYSSdkZAmD4ilt74uma_kniQMaAv7p2Vo3EFkLipjP4I7FMggaSgVQ40hBRqfVpC_wFemIfwHgwUV3yiMfHanywRqkxsrLelTJAiX91lOMiMh-Iww/s659/Screen%20Shot%202022-11-30%20at%206.49.23%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="138" data-original-width="659" height="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_WlwqcPAZJEfWYr7W-h8sDqtamfRC2G9Ep-XmmJhYgxXrypnkUmornMxea8AaW2iamI414Ag9RyYSSdkZAmD4ilt74uma_kniQMaAv7p2Vo3EFkLipjP4I7FMggaSgVQ40hBRqfVpC_wFemIfwHgwUV3yiMfHanywRqkxsrLelTJAiX91lOMiMh-Iww/w522-h109/Screen%20Shot%202022-11-30%20at%206.49.23%20AM.png" width="522" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: https://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-milligram.htm</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Okay how about that summary?</i></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Floating Objects</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>Objects float because they displace fluid with a weight equal to theirs before they go below the surface of the fluid.</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The weight of the displaced fluid is equal to the weight of the floating object.</li><li>The mass of the displaced fluid is equal to the mass of the floating object.</li></ul></div><div>If the fluid is water, the volume of the water displaced is equal to the mass of the water displaced.</div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Sunken Objects</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>Objects sink because they don't displace enough fluid. So…</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The weight of the displaced fluid is less than the weight of the sunken object.</li><li>The volume of the displaced fluid is equal to the volume of the sunken object.</li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div>The "underwater" weight of the sunken object is less than the "above-water" weight of the object. It is reduced by an amount equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.</div><div><br /></div><div>If the fluid is water, the volume of the water displaced is equal to the mass of the water displaced.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-52620337385271494382022-10-05T04:54:00.008-07:002022-10-07T11:53:16.678-07:00Applied Concepts: Elastic Thing Launcher<p> <b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/standard-physics.html"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;">Physics Index</span></a></b></p><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="color: #9e9e9e;">Where are we going with this?</b><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"> The information on this page connects projectile motion with conservation of energy where in potential energy is converted to how far a projectile travels.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Applied Concepts: Elastic Thing Launcher</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>(Okay, this should be interesting!)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><p dir="ltr">Projectile motion is a fundamental aspect of the study of motion in physics. There are many ways to impart velocity at some angle to a projectile. </p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr">One way is to attach a "pusher" to some sort of spring or elastic band. Pull it back… BAM!</p><p dir="ltr">Think of a slingshot… Now, let the cup ride on rails… </p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1YA-GftMsHRcHG9uJW1JYsTKbI1qpBhWmCwt148Otls_m_DtOPWVy1p-d71_vrn05G5fq5jGBD_ErxVw77u0wa9b-FZ9ohGV370wQAX2Ue7Hu33xb0sfG9d3YltPzB5hMhrzVsKGipdZE0oOQufcL-X-vqcUL90Cqeszj1Cru8HI3ILogVJOazUPysw/s4032/IMG_2961.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1YA-GftMsHRcHG9uJW1JYsTKbI1qpBhWmCwt148Otls_m_DtOPWVy1p-d71_vrn05G5fq5jGBD_ErxVw77u0wa9b-FZ9ohGV370wQAX2Ue7Hu33xb0sfG9d3YltPzB5hMhrzVsKGipdZE0oOQufcL-X-vqcUL90Cqeszj1Cru8HI3ILogVJOazUPysw/w480-h640/IMG_2961.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">The projectile, a squishy ball, rides in the cup that is pulled back<br />and released. </span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p dir="ltr">Four quantities are easily measured in this apparatus: The mass of the projectile, the angle of the "thrower," how far back the elastic band was stretched, and how far (distance) that the projectile travels.</p><p dir="ltr">From those, everything else can be calculated! Really…</p><p dir="ltr">An interesting exercise would be to reverse math back to the coefficient of elasticity in the elastic band (or spring).</p><p dir="ltr"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Says who?</span></i></p><p dir="ltr">Stretching the elastic band stores potential energy in the band. And, of course, there is a formula for that!</p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>PE = 1/2kd<sup>2</sup></i></p></div></blockquote><div><p dir="ltr">where <i>PE</i> is elastic potential energy, <i>k</i> is the elastic constant, a function of the material, and <i>d</i> is the distance that the spring / band is stretched. </p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><p>Often you will see this as</p></div><div><blockquote style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border: none; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>PE = 1/2k∆d<sup>2</sup></i></p></div></blockquote></div></blockquote><div><p dir="ltr"></p><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></div><p></p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;">where <i>∆d</i> is the stretch. Of course, other notations exist! <i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Of course.</span></i></p></div></blockquote><div><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr">Okay… so… When you release the band, most of the energy stored is converted to kinetic energy. While some of that energy will be in the "pusher" (cup in image above) if the mass of the cup is small compared to the projectile, then it's probably okay to ignore it. An even smaller amount will go into friction as the cup rubs on the rails.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Suppose the mass of the "pusher" is 7 grams and the mass of the projectile is 14 grams… </b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hmm… I'm betting someone weighed something! </span></i><b>Then we can say that 2/3 of the potential energy goes into the projectile and 1/3 goes into the "pusher."</b></p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr"><b>So, what now?</b></p><p dir="ltr">Measuring the angle of the rails and the distance that the projectile travels leads to being able to find the initial velocity of the projectile:</p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><br /></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><div><div style="text-align: left;">_____________</div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><br />SUMMARY</div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><br /></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div>So, if you are given theta and the velocity, here's a checklist sort of process…</div></div></blockquote></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><ul><li>#1 Draw the diagram and label everything.<br /><br /></li><li>#2 Find the component velocities in the x and y directions:</li></ul></ul></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><i>v • cosθ = </i><i>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x</span></i></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><i>v • sinθ = </i><i>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">y</span></i></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><div><br /></div></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div><ul><ul><li>#3 Find the time up using <i>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">y</span></i> and acceleration due to gravity (probably 9.81 m/s/s)</li></ul></ul></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><i>t<span style="font-size: xx-small;">up = </span></i><i>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">y </span></i> <i>/ 9.81</i></div></blockquote></div><div><div><br /></div></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div><ul><ul><li>#4 Find the total time where…</li></ul></ul></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div><i>t = t<span style="font-size: xx-small;">up</span> + t<span style="font-size: xx-small;">down</span></i></div></div></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></i></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><span>and</span></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></i></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><i>t<span style="font-size: xx-small;">up</span> = t<span style="font-size: xx-small;">down</span></i></div></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><br /></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">so </blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><br /></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><i>t = 2•t<span style="font-size: xx-small;">up</span></i></div></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><div><br /></div></div><div><div><br /></div></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div><ul><ul><li>#5 Use the distance equation to find the horizontal displacement: </li></ul></ul></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><i>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>= v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x</span>•t</i></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">where <i>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x</span></i> was found in step 2 and <i>t </i>was found in step 4.</blockquote></blockquote></div><div><p><br /></p></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><p></p><ul><ul><li>#6 BONUS: Find the maximum vertical displacement:</li></ul></ul><p></p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><i>dy<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>= v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">y</span>•</i><i>t<span style="font-size: xx-small;">up</span></i><i> + 1/2a</i><i>t<span style="font-size: xx-small;">up</span></i><i><sup>2</sup></i></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div>where <i>a = -9.81</i> m/s/s, <i>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">y</span></i> was found in step 2 and <i>t<span style="font-size: xx-small;">up</span></i><i> </i>was found in step 3. </div></blockquote></blockquote></div><div><p><br /></p></div><div><div><br /></div></div><div><div><div>_____________</div></div></div><div><div><div>GIANT MESS But actually COOL</div></div></div><div><div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><div><div><i>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>= v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>• t</i></div></div></div><div><div><div><i>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>= </i><i>v • cosθ </i><i>• t</i></div></div></div><div><div><div><i>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>= </i><i>v • cosθ </i><i>• </i><i>2 • t<span style="font-size: xx-small;">up</span></i></div></div></div><div><div><div><i>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>= </i><i>v • cosθ </i><i>• </i><i>2 • </i><i>v<span style="font-size: xx-small;">y </span></i> <i>/ 9.81</i></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><i>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>= </i><i>v • cosθ </i><i>• </i><i>2 • </i><i>v • sinθ</i> <i>/ 9.81</i></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><i>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>= 2 • </i><i>v<sup>2</sup> • <span style="color: #0b5394;">cosθ </span></i><i><span style="color: #0b5394;">• sinθ</span></i> <i>/ 9.81</i></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><i><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">wait for the magic!</span></i></div></div></div><div><div><div><i>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>= 2 • </i><i>v<sup>2</sup> • <span style="color: #0b5394;">1/2 • sin2</span></i><i><span style="color: #0b5394;">θ</span> </i><i>/ 9.81</i></div></div></div><div><div><div><i>d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>= </i><i>v<sup>2</sup> • sin2</i><i>θ </i><i>/ 9.81</i></div></div></div><div><div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><div><div>Say you wanted to find v for some distance x?</div></div></div><div><div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><div><div><i>9.81 • d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>= </i><i>v<sup>2</sup> • sin2</i><i>θ</i></div></div></div><div><div><div><i><br /></i></div></div></div><div><div><div><i>(9.81 • d<span style="font-size: xx-small;">x </span>) / </i><i>sin2</i><i>θ </i><i>= </i><i>v<sup>2</sup> </i></div></div></div><div><div><div><i><br /></i></div></div></div><div><div><div><i> √<span style="text-decoration-line: overline;"> (9.81 • dx ) / sin2θ </span> = v</i></div></div></div></blockquote><div><p dir="ltr">_____________</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr">Okay, so… wow! Is this why we take math classes?</p><p dir="ltr">Thus, from the distance and and angle we get the velocity. </p><p dir="ltr">And since the potential energy was converted to kinetic energy…</p><p dir="ltr">Whereas</p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>EK = 1/2mv</i><i><sup>2</sup></i></p></div></blockquote><div><p dir="ltr">and whereas </p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>EK ≈ EP</i></p></div></blockquote><div><p dir="ltr">We can backtrack to find the elasticity.</p><p dir="ltr">Considering the materials used, <i><span style="color: #990000;">we earlier decided that 2/3 of the potential energy was transferred</span> </i>to the projectile. Thus,<i><span style="color: #990000;"> in this specific case,</span></i> and recalling that </p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>PE = 1/2kd<sup>2</sup></i> </p></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>EK = 2/3 EP</i></p></div></blockquote><p>We can state that: </p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>1/2mv</i><i><sup>2</sup></i><i> = <span style="color: #990000;">2/3</span> (</i><i>1/2kd<sup>2</sup>)</i></p></div></blockquote><div><p dir="ltr"><i></i></p><p dir="ltr">Thus, after finding <i>v</i>, solving for <i>k </i>becomes an exercise easily completed by the reader.</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-31352256950516969262022-09-19T04:25:00.008-07:002022-09-19T06:59:33.345-07:00Rounding Numbers (is easy)<p> <b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/introduction-to-chemistry-and-physics.html"><span style="color: #990000;">Intro to Chemistry and Physics Index</span></a></b></p><div><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Biology Index<br /></b></span></a><b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/general-chemistry.html"><font color="#990000">General Chemistry Index<br /></font></a></b></div><div><b><a href="Intro to Chemistry and Physics Index"><span style="color: #990000;">Physics Index</span></a></b></div><div><br /></div><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> Rounding off numbers in math is very important to accurately communicate science information </font><div><i><br /></i></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Rounding Numbers (is easy)</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Round numbers? Like zero, six, nine, and eight? Is 3 a round number or a crooked number? And what about two?)</span></div><div><br /></div><div>The idea of rounding numbers is to express a long decimal number more concisely. For this discussion, the whole principle of significant figures is going to be passed over. We are going to just be looking at the rounding process.</div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Step 1</h3><div>Figure out how many decimal places you need. This could be dictated by directions in a problem or proper use of significant figures.</div><div><br /></div><div><b><u>In the examples that follow you will be rounding to ONE decimal place.</u></b></div><div><b><u><br /></u></b></div><div><b><u><br /></u></b></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Step 2</h3><div>Look at your number. Find the decimal place. Count over to the digit you are going to round. </div><div><br /></div><div>Perhaps, as you develop skills, you should underline that number.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>EXAMPLE: <span style="font-size: large;">123<i>4</i>.<u>7</u><span style="color: #38761d;">A</span><span style="color: #990000;">B</span>xyz</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">VITAL TO UNDERSTAND!!!!</span></div><div><br /></div><div>The only things that can change are:</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div>1. The digit to which you are rounding (underlined above). </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div> </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div>2. The digit that comes before it (italics above). <b><u>There is a 95% chance you will NOT change this.</u></b></div></blockquote><p> </p><div><h3>Step 3</h3><div>Look at your digit that comes after the one you are rounding off. <span style="color: #38761d;">In the example it's the green A.</span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>EXAMPLE: <span style="font-size: large;">123<i>4</i>.<u>7</u><span style="color: #38761d;">A</span><span style="color: #990000;">B</span>xyz</span></div><div><br /></div></div><h3>Step 4</h3><h3><div style="font-size: medium;">If the <span style="color: #274e13;">A</span> is less than 5:</div></h3><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;">Chop off the A and everything after it. Done. </div></h3><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></div></h3><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div></h3></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">123</span><i style="font-size: x-large;">4</i><span style="font-size: x-large;">.<u>7</u></span><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;">A</span><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">B</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">xyz</span><p style="text-align: left;"><i>becomes</i></p></div></h3></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">123</span><i style="font-size: x-large;">4</i><span style="font-size: x-large;">.</span><u style="font-size: x-large;">7</u></div></h3></blockquote><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium;">If the <span style="color: #38761d;">A</span> is greater than 5:</div></h3><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;">Increase the number you are rounding by 1 and chop off the rest. Done. </div></h3></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">123</span><i style="font-size: x-large;">4</i><span style="font-size: x-large;">.<u>7</u></span><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;">A</span><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">B</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">xyz</span></div></h3><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><p style="text-align: left;"><i>becomes</i></p></div></h3><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">123</span><i style="font-size: x-large;">4</i><span style="font-size: x-large;">.</span><u style="font-size: x-large;">8</u></div></h3></blockquote><h3><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Notice that we don't care what the <span style="color: #660000;">B</span> is!</u></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">SPECIAL CASE:</span><span style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <br />When the number in the place we are rounding is a 9</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;">EXAMPLE: <span style="font-size: large;">123<i>4</i>.<u>9</u><span style="color: #38761d;">A</span><span style="color: #990000;">B</span>xyz</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></h3><h3><div style="font-size: medium;">If the <span style="color: #274e13;">A</span> is less than 5:</div></h3><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;">Chop off the A and everything after it. Done. </div></h3><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></div></h3></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">123</span><i style="font-size: x-large;">4</i><span style="font-size: x-large;">.</span><u style="font-size: x-large;">9</u><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;">A</span><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">B</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">xyz</span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><i>becomes</i></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">123</span><i style="font-size: x-large;">4</i><span style="font-size: x-large;">.<u>9</u></span></div></h3></blockquote><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: large;"><blockquote style="border: none; font-size: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></span></div></h3><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: large;"><blockquote style="border: none; font-size: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></span></div></h3><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium;">If the <span style="color: #38761d;">A</span> is greater than 5:</div></h3><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;">Increase the number you are rounding by 1 (makes it a 10, write a 0), then increase the number before the one you are rounding by 1. Then chop off the rest. Done.</div></h3></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">123</span><i style="font-size: x-large;">4</i><span style="font-size: x-large;">.</span><u style="font-size: x-large;">9</u><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;">A</span><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">B</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">xyz</span></span></h3></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><h3><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>becomes</i></span></p></h3></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">1</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">23</span><i style="font-size: x-large;">5</i><span style="font-size: x-large;">.<u>0</u></span></div></h3></blockquote><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><div><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Notice that we don't care what the <span style="color: #660000;">B</span> is!</u></span></div><div><br /></div></div></h3><p> </p><h3><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: large;"><blockquote style="border: none; font-size: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></span></div></h3>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-41655598747335836902022-08-12T07:09:00.004-07:002022-08-16T04:55:35.948-07:00Batteries in series and parallel<p><b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/standard-physics.html"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;">Physics Index</span></a></b></p><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="color: #9e9e9e;">Where are we going with this?</b><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"> The information on this page introduces how batteries work in series and in parallel.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Batteries in series and parallel</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>(I don't this will be shocking to very many people!)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Most people are familiar with batteries of some sort. Your wireless mouse and TV remotes might require AA batteries. You probably know your car has a battery. Your cell phone has a battery… so, yeah…</span></p><p dir="ltr">The dry cell battery is a convenient point of reference. You probably will think of a AA, AAA, or D battery. Maybe the C battery.</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Current and Plumbing Analogy? Why not?</h3><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr"><b>Voltage</b> can be thought of as how much pressure is in a circuit. It is somewhat analogous to water in pipes. Higher voltage = higher pressure. </p><p dir="ltr"><b>Amperage</b>, however, is not pressure. It is pretty much a measure of the number of electrons coming out of a circuit. Considering the plumbing analogy, it is how many gallons of water are coming out of the pipe at any time. </p><p dir="ltr">So, amperage is the AMOUNT of electrons coming out. Voltage is, in this metaphor, kinda like how fast they are coming out or the pressure at which they are coming out.</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr"><i>The math on amperage is fairly intuitive.</i></p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;">If you have 2 hoses that put out 2 gallons per minute, then you are getting 4 gallons per minute in total. If you have 3 hoses at 2 gallons per minute, you are getting 6.</p></div></blockquote><div><p dir="ltr">When batteries are connected in parallel, the amperage produced adds up.</p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;">Two batteries producing 2 amps each would put out a total of 4 amps. Three of them would produce 6 amps. Etc.</p></div></blockquote><div><p dir="ltr">Voltage in parallel would still come out at the same pressure. </p><p dir="ltr">Connecting batteries in series, though, is like having one of the hoses filling up the tank from which a second hose is being filled. The second hose can only put out a set amount of water per minute. The first hose just keeps refilling the second hose’s tank. Water comes out until both tanks are empty.</p><p dir="ltr">With regard to voltage, more to come</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr">Back to batteries…</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr">When connected in series, the amperage for any given period of time is unchanged (but the total amount of electrical current is increased). You will get the same amperage for a longer period of time.</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr">In series…</p><p dir="ltr">Amp(total) = Amps</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr">In parallel…</p><p dir="ltr">Amps(total) = Amps(1) + Amps(2) + … </p><span id="docs-internal-guid-47e98c98-7fff-8fe0-a96f-39bbbaef88a9"><br /><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 468pt;"><colgroup><col></col><col></col><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 21pt;"><td colspan="3" style="background-color: #fff2cc; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Batteries in Series and Parallel</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Batteries in the circuit are of same amperage and voltage)</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #999999; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Series</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d2e9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Parallel</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Amps</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(tot)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = A</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = A</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> =…</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d2e9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(tot)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = A</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> + A</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> +…</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #b7b7b7; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Volts</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #93c47d; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">V</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(tot)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = V</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> + V</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> +…</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #8e7cc3; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">V</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(tot)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = V</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = V</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> =…</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><p dir="ltr"><br /></p></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-45422241899934076742022-08-01T07:47:00.026-07:002023-08-17T07:42:10.403-07:00Moon Phases and Tides Overview<p><b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/standard-physics.html"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;">Physics Index</span></a></b></p><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="color: #9e9e9e;">Where are we going with this?</b><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"> The information on this page introduces explores how the moon affects tides.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Moon Phases and Tides Overview</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>(Yeah, some of us need to start with this!)</i></span></div><div><br /></div><div><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Let's Just Look at the Moon for a Moment…</b></span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Whereas it takes approximately 24 hours <b>for the earth to rotate under the moon</b>, the moon will appear to be directly overhead close to 6 hours after it rises, then will set around 12 hour after it rises. It will then be directly opposite around 6 hours after it sets. <i>(For the purposes of this discussion, we are going to just round off to 24 hours for the period of a day.)</i></span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">As a </span>convenient<span style="font-family: inherit;"> way to describe the moons position, we can adopt the term "<b>directly overhead</b>" to mean that it is on the same side of earth as and well into the sky above the observer. (Officially, this is the zenith). </span>It is directly up there! Directly "above" the viewer<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></sup>. <i><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(There's a footnote. Read it.)</span></i></p><p dir="ltr"> </p><p dir="ltr">The "horizons" would be to the east and west of the observer. </p><p dir="ltr"><b>Directly underfoot</b> would be the opposite. When the moon is above the opposite side of the planet of the observer, we can call that "underfoot." (Officially, it is called the nadir.)</p><p dir="ltr"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wouldn't scientist make up fancy words for all that?</span></i></p><p dir="ltr">The scientific way of saying that the moon is directly overhead is say it is <b>passing through the meridian.</b></p><p dir="ltr"><b>The <u>meridian</u> is a line that passes through a point directly above any point on earth (zenith) and is at a right angle to a line that is tangential to the curve of the earth at that point and passes through the celestial poles. </b><i><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(There's a footnote. Read it.)</span></i></p><p dir="ltr">If you go around the curve of the earth by 180°, you arrive at the antimeridian. <b>The antimeridian is the line that passes through a point that "opposite" the zenith (which is called the nadir) andalso passes through the celestial poles. </b><i><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;">(There's a footnote. Read it.)</span></i></p><p dir="ltr"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p dir="ltr"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Now, The Moon Is ALSO Moving…</span></b></p><p dir="ltr">Not only is the earth turning under the moon, but the moon is also moving. It orbits the earth in the same direction direction as the earth is rotating. It takes the moon 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes to fully orbit the earth. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="840" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53LYyPOWyB4i4HBYduhoWecmed0YQM7PmIYPAa97IpDaxqV6d09qRNmh1_c-CxgNN4AdhKv7wp0utc1GFnu2QP4bDt6GOYy28rMoBKTLfkg0kgvU97orvFI9fYr1le9CE9GigXMFyB7_DFQB8oEsCckN8SEVi802OGa4_bP8m2LAVeConlM50O8M1TQ/w640-h362/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-06%20at%207.54.12%20AM.png" width="640" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=period+of+moon%27s+orbit" target="_blank">Source</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr">The moon's orbit has an effect on when the moon rises and sets and causes the phases of the moon. In the tables below, we can see that moonrise, moonset, and when the moon passes the meridian change from day to day by a similar amount.</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE7lWE_W2KlaExBgFrUvO_r1p7xUwbtArRbRMVx2_Xw02YI_WwpwJe3k6LJAH7vc7IkQ-2lApQxBjnBHEXArRTkeig-3FkhbbT2ztKIsvjdPfLhH3YrPvE6j0qH7PK46mzdDar0oa_U0udEpdACmeISn4V992iw-5bak741375AZeHOl7uMWSzCAbGvg/s834/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-05%20at%209.32.01%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="834" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE7lWE_W2KlaExBgFrUvO_r1p7xUwbtArRbRMVx2_Xw02YI_WwpwJe3k6LJAH7vc7IkQ-2lApQxBjnBHEXArRTkeig-3FkhbbT2ztKIsvjdPfLhH3YrPvE6j0qH7PK46mzdDar0oa_U0udEpdACmeISn4V992iw-5bak741375AZeHOl7uMWSzCAbGvg/w640-h296/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-05%20at%209.32.01%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvFb0p8pNScWljLzDMHKo8o6iSSRyGDi5SejSIbheOKaBDGWmIV_JXXhB6Ip1Hc765iwFxIbJVD41ilEhFAuRYnbvN5nioOjGvxHTn-7NrNrFW2_5P3tUsZuxuytwIFM3GVQJOJHnCTXri6C1NeF65F9vRwKo3j4DHpwWplQcJwzq01uBNtvjLiya9Vg/s793/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-05%20at%209.16.32%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></a><div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvFb0p8pNScWljLzDMHKo8o6iSSRyGDi5SejSIbheOKaBDGWmIV_JXXhB6Ip1Hc765iwFxIbJVD41ilEhFAuRYnbvN5nioOjGvxHTn-7NrNrFW2_5P3tUsZuxuytwIFM3GVQJOJHnCTXri6C1NeF65F9vRwKo3j4DHpwWplQcJwzq01uBNtvjLiya9Vg/s793/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-05%20at%209.16.32%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="793" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvFb0p8pNScWljLzDMHKo8o6iSSRyGDi5SejSIbheOKaBDGWmIV_JXXhB6Ip1Hc765iwFxIbJVD41ilEhFAuRYnbvN5nioOjGvxHTn-7NrNrFW2_5P3tUsZuxuytwIFM3GVQJOJHnCTXri6C1NeF65F9vRwKo3j4DHpwWplQcJwzq01uBNtvjLiya9Vg/w640-h310/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-05%20at%209.16.32%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz0jQjLsXeJL2vDUF36lhWfsAs7-Qt16uFyd5Mz-9rV7u5sOoVKzA350_h_akOZKIdFZ9PGU4M-Ijf5qZ8YXTHNxRfd7ORFISD3TcdJLDF5swPdDq3Duusjt3Ir4ZaUQktUsT8HR8xA2VRMFziV9_jNhxpS4UDsqAru8hrwIHp0LEqBTmyCZ1ewePmXg/s781/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-06%20at%207.55.57%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="781" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz0jQjLsXeJL2vDUF36lhWfsAs7-Qt16uFyd5Mz-9rV7u5sOoVKzA350_h_akOZKIdFZ9PGU4M-Ijf5qZ8YXTHNxRfd7ORFISD3TcdJLDF5swPdDq3Duusjt3Ir4ZaUQktUsT8HR8xA2VRMFziV9_jNhxpS4UDsqAru8hrwIHp0LEqBTmyCZ1ewePmXg/w640-h290/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-06%20at%207.55.57%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr"><b>Moonrise, moonset, and passing the meridian occur at predictable times each day. The event will occur later each day</b>. But its complex!</p><p dir="ltr">The earth is also moving (around the sun). So, the earth rotation changes when sunrise and sunset is (longer days in winter and all that). As it moves, its titled rotational axis affects where the moon's orbital plane lines up with the earth.</p><p dir="ltr">As an <b><i><span style="color: #38761d;">oversimplification</span></i>, we can say that the lunar events (moonrise, moonset, etc.) happen about fifty minutes later each day.</b></p><p dir="ltr"><b></b>Sort of. Depending on where you are, and time of year, and… <i>Notice in the Collierville, TN data above that the events are closer to 40 minutes later, because of season and latitude, and… <b>astronomy</b>!</i></p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p></div><div><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Now, Let's Look At Tides…</b></span></p><p dir="ltr"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">In general…</span></b></p><p dir="ltr">The fundamental cause of the tides is the gravity of the moon, and then to a much less extent, the gravity of the sun (and then much less than that, the gravity of everything else in the universe).</p><p dir="ltr">Whereas the moon is (comparatively) very close to earth, its gravity has the biggest effect.</p><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">On earth, ocean tides "run with the moon."<b> To oversimplify matters, a high tide will occur around when the moon is directly over</b></span><b style="font-family: inherit;">h</b><b style="font-family: inherit;">ead or directly underfoot.</b></p><p dir="ltr">Keep in mind that more than just the moon affects tides. Weather and the land masses change the magnitude of the effect the moon has the tidal levels. The timing, however, closely follows the moon's position as the earth rotates under it. (The moon also moves around the earth, which has an impact on timing, too.)</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">…but predicting the timing of tides is not that simple.</span></b></span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The earth is turning and the moon is moving, so the tides and the moon do not perfectly align. Further <b>the geology of the earth has a big influence on how high a tide will be and how long it will last.</b></span></p><p dir="ltr"><i>For examples, look at the charts and tables in the footnote section.</i></p></div><div><p dir="ltr"><b>The tides are affected by the very nature of the oceans being a liquid.</b> The water is going to respond to the pull of gravity, both the moon's and the earth's. <b>PLUS, the spinning earth acts on the water.</b></p><p dir="ltr"><i>Think about this</i>… When the moon is directly above the center of a North America, it is<b> pulling the water of the Atlantic Ocean toward it</b> with some force. At the same time, the earth spinning, causing the water to move in the direction of the spin. Meanwhile, the earth's gravity is trying to pull the water back into the ocean basin.</p><p dir="ltr">For some time, the moon's pull wins out, pulling the ocean toward it, up the beaches on the east coast and creating high tides.</p><p dir="ltr">But eventually, the moon's pull is overcome by Earth's pull, so the water slides back out to the middle of the Atlantic. Then, around comes the moon again the next earth rotation, first pulling the water towards Africa and Europe, then pulling it back toward North America. </p><p dir="ltr">Though this seems relatively straightforward it actually is more complicated. The complexities of geology and fluid dynamics alter when high and low tide actually occur.</p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><p>"<span face=""Source Sans Pro", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15.6px;">If Earth was a true sphere covered by an ocean of constant depth, then it would be true that a high tide event would occur at the location with the moon overhead. The tidal "bulge" would move around the Earth with the moon, but [the earth is far from being a perfect sphere]"</span><span face=""Source Sans Pro", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.6px;"> </span><a href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/moon-tide.html" target="_blank">Source, 2022-01</a>).</p></div></blockquote><div><p dir="ltr">The tidal bulge is actually <i>chasing the moon</i> as viewed from earth (if we ignore the continents). There is some confusion in how this is <i>described</i> by various sources. Some will say the tidal bulge comes after the moon passes. Some say it comes ahead of the moon passing (e.g. NASA). One attempt to sort this out states that:</p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">"The bulge moves ahead of the Moon viewed from space, but the Moon apparently moves ahead of the bulge, viewed from the surface of the Earth. They're saying the same thing but from two different perspectives" (<a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/16769/what-is-the-real-position-of-the-tidal-bulge" target="_blank">Source, 2023-08</a>). </p></blockquote><p> Back to that <a href="https://moon.nasa.gov/moon-in-motion/earth-and-tides/tides/" target="_blank">NASA claim</a>… The call it "Tidal Lag." So… that…</p><div><p dir="ltr"><b>Let's see if we can sort this out a bit…</b></p><p dir="ltr">We have an irregular sphere-like planet spinning and orbiting the sun. We have the moon orbiting the earth as it orbits the sun… </p><p dir="ltr"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEijHZgLjLSGzuYy6rHFjWISWb_s2NRy_6rP7E_3lPb049wAvQ1caJYpkuE-B7v3FGlGzigyHpHbPe88jSkgc7Lubwdj4TORIu1pnxx-qxxS_oCeotDGBrQVHeyik2g9Fp0AtAt5WdmZGeOgihMn17pTrpqvstN4CJkIfFbrkaWTkhWDcjACntMth5aLWVfW" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="237" data-original-width="726" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEijHZgLjLSGzuYy6rHFjWISWb_s2NRy_6rP7E_3lPb049wAvQ1caJYpkuE-B7v3FGlGzigyHpHbPe88jSkgc7Lubwdj4TORIu1pnxx-qxxS_oCeotDGBrQVHeyik2g9Fp0AtAt5WdmZGeOgihMn17pTrpqvstN4CJkIfFbrkaWTkhWDcjACntMth5aLWVfW=w640-h208" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OxsyhWHzC0" target="_blank">Source, 2023</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div>In the image, the earth is spinning counter counter-clockwise. The spinning earth affects the water by pushing it in the direction of the spin. Meanwhile, the moon is pulling the water towards it.<p></p><p dir="ltr">Now, an observer on earth (red dot) will pass under the moon, then into the high tide (tidal bulge).</p><p dir="ltr"><b>The net effect of all this is that, from earth, a person will look up and see the moon pass, then ABOUT AN HOUR LATER (to ignore the geography), the person will notice the high tide.</b></p><p dir="ltr">Observed from outer space, the bulge is (because the spinning earth is pushing it) ahead of the moon.</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr"><b>Weather also has a factor in tides</b>. Hurricane storm-surge is an extreme example of this, but wind of any sort will have an effect bodies of water.</p><p></p><p dir="ltr">So, to wrap up the idea of tides, it is challenging to develop rules. <b>HOWEVER</b>, <b style="font-family: inherit;">the "hard and fast" rule is that the moon pulls the water toward it as it moves around the earth and as the earth rotates under it.</b></p><p dir="ltr"></p><ul></ul><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Beyond that, to say the EXACT timing of tides is complicated. <b>But </b></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Timing of high and low tide will be directly related to lunar events (moonrise, moonset, passing the meridian and passing the antimeridian).</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">There will be two high tides daily, roughly connected to when the moon is directly overhead and directly underfoot (opposite). The high tides will occur sorta-kinda 12 hours apart.<br /><br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">There will be two low tides daily, coming when the moon is on the horizons. Low tides will be around 6 hours after high tides.</span></li></ul><div><br /></div><div><h2><span style="font-family: inherit;">Phases and Tides</span></h2><p dir="ltr"><b id="docs-internal-guid-39939fb8-7fff-9690-cbaa-1a569cac51a7" style="font-family: inherit;"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/EJstpfCzAmDVofD4zJaO1exSZm74Aoq-QDYO2SAdPM5wU7K1CpBu1NUVklRj9u_5PN0rHOjxcPxq164h-tGjZ-ED9EN8O7sGds-ENpoG7K7EC_tpRZWnohnoD7JrqqtcJowq7Sa68a-xWMwuCTmTZA" height="50" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/EJstpfCzAmDVofD4zJaO1exSZm74Aoq-QDYO2SAdPM5wU7K1CpBu1NUVklRj9u_5PN0rHOjxcPxq164h-tGjZ-ED9EN8O7sGds-ENpoG7K7EC_tpRZWnohnoD7JrqqtcJowq7Sa68a-xWMwuCTmTZA" width="50" /></b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Full phase occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun and we see only the illuminated side. On that day it rises as the Sun is setting and sets and the Sun is rising. It is visible all night long. </span><span style="color: firebrick; font-family: inherit;">High tide is, therefore, associated with midnight and noon.</span></p><span><br /></span><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-39939fb8-7fff-9690-cbaa-1a569cac51a7"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/nPHSFKpnUyybAcXJoYGnbAy5RAtEr9EHDHkwz2CGxOBMjEdCkbwDDlvUYQ4UGJuUHYjPJmH76N9KhJVJndjTDdw6UKVvfFhmf41M9-F9K7zr-_e8-Pn83RhrJcGbcTHDpakS9lKK61kuyHYXu2i4xg" height="50" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/nPHSFKpnUyybAcXJoYGnbAy5RAtEr9EHDHkwz2CGxOBMjEdCkbwDDlvUYQ4UGJuUHYjPJmH76N9KhJVJndjTDdw6UKVvfFhmf41M9-F9K7zr-_e8-Pn83RhrJcGbcTHDpakS9lKK61kuyHYXu2i4xg" width="50" /></b>Waning Gibbous phase occurs when the Moon is mostly lit and the illuminated portion is egg-shaped (gibbous) with the western edge shaded. The amount of illuminated area visible is decreasing from one day to the next which is what is meant by "waning".</span></p><span> </span><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-39939fb8-7fff-9690-cbaa-1a569cac51a7"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/FOieqhFvgSV-J5CToJJGQtOxkXlBOxvuXZsvuUZgKRvPglNgsQQsrfGDbGOO9du1nmvq_WX4zgacTfA5F9btyNIcXuTYu1A_ma6kD5t3-P48MxNP3pp6it-5pz4ObwNc_4dxmdgwb9EP8_FBXpoijQ" height="50" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/FOieqhFvgSV-J5CToJJGQtOxkXlBOxvuXZsvuUZgKRvPglNgsQQsrfGDbGOO9du1nmvq_WX4zgacTfA5F9btyNIcXuTYu1A_ma6kD5t3-P48MxNP3pp6it-5pz4ObwNc_4dxmdgwb9EP8_FBXpoijQ" width="50" /></b>Third Quarter phase occurs when the eastern half of the Moon is illuminated. On that day it rises at midnight and sets at noon. It will be directly overhead six hours after it rises (sunrise) <span style="color: firebrick;">High tide is therefore associated with sunrise and sunset.</span></span></p><span> </span><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-39939fb8-7fff-9690-cbaa-1a569cac51a7"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/OT8xlmd8c7KYoRH-slQgQyCGdbppqg2-aDH3SrMsSgqjwPtvoi2w9i1IlmjJ14kQ7gElcNc7FpIBcF0P5RdAE_hV8jEF7jXJE8O-80wMYmNtIWHGPlfIzKVOaYlj8KwvYAJ7P1unsrzkHGdnYlNddQ" height="50" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/OT8xlmd8c7KYoRH-slQgQyCGdbppqg2-aDH3SrMsSgqjwPtvoi2w9i1IlmjJ14kQ7gElcNc7FpIBcF0P5RdAE_hV8jEF7jXJE8O-80wMYmNtIWHGPlfIzKVOaYlj8KwvYAJ7P1unsrzkHGdnYlNddQ" width="50" /></b>Waning Crescent phase occurs when the eastern edge of the Moon is lit but most of the visible surface is dark. The amount of illumination is decreasing from day to day which is what is meant by "waning." During this time the illuminated portion of the Moon looks like the letter "C".</span></p><span> </span><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-39939fb8-7fff-9690-cbaa-1a569cac51a7"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/41uaGaDCOcDZOFfAhWXF0ZRJmmOC1kF8Gj_zq3sBdmTBA3sf_e2s1p4RJuF5ozxB3G_kukjmCqHBYcvZZKNneHVKfSkbK_Xg-J6JvmYkMGU4X9b_MSgA24dcV2vNjvoBvBR8M4Sb8K_W_Zxnpq9WHg" height="50" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/41uaGaDCOcDZOFfAhWXF0ZRJmmOC1kF8Gj_zq3sBdmTBA3sf_e2s1p4RJuF5ozxB3G_kukjmCqHBYcvZZKNneHVKfSkbK_Xg-J6JvmYkMGU4X9b_MSgA24dcV2vNjvoBvBR8M4Sb8K_W_Zxnpq9WHg" width="50" /></b>New phase occurs when the Sun and Moon are on the same side of the Earth and we see only the dark side. On that day the Sun and Moon rise and set approximately together. The new moon is visible all day long. <span style="color: firebrick;">High tide is, therefore extra high and associated with noon. A second high tide will be associated with midnight.</span></span></p><span> </span><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-39939fb8-7fff-9690-cbaa-1a569cac51a7"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/vU46P2CHXeJ7yR2bo35narvOTy2lzYA1V2L6fAOOA77wbqn-5ZSkOvNEdlCFim8PYMM4tiJTFb_k7gO5dysTA6mQ0BnaLGrSY4YUCXyGViAAtmYmxzIuZXL9b1o_-3S4TQWC_u9RxW3xl56uQrhuMA" height="50" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/vU46P2CHXeJ7yR2bo35narvOTy2lzYA1V2L6fAOOA77wbqn-5ZSkOvNEdlCFim8PYMM4tiJTFb_k7gO5dysTA6mQ0BnaLGrSY4YUCXyGViAAtmYmxzIuZXL9b1o_-3S4TQWC_u9RxW3xl56uQrhuMA" width="50" /></b>Waxing Crescent phase occurs when the western edge of the Moon is lit but most of the surface visible from Earth is dark. The amount of illumination visible is growing from day to day during this phase which is what is meant by "waxing." </span></p><span> </span><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-39939fb8-7fff-9690-cbaa-1a569cac51a7"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/LiWWHFg0zWrDgs3mLvvokiTy2FtwHAnC95N3jpCGNtPuc4O_tz-BKw77JIJgTrZUKhG78tNNhRLj6_myuVUgnnerUADu7flQgnF_M4fmxXGSXO6qctWEnr7XH-ASj9GAav9KkCryouuacgx0w2B8GA" height="50" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/LiWWHFg0zWrDgs3mLvvokiTy2FtwHAnC95N3jpCGNtPuc4O_tz-BKw77JIJgTrZUKhG78tNNhRLj6_myuVUgnnerUADu7flQgnF_M4fmxXGSXO6qctWEnr7XH-ASj9GAav9KkCryouuacgx0w2B8GA" width="50" /></b>First Quarter phase occurs when the western half of the Moon is illuminated so that it looks like the letter "D". On that day the Moon rises at noon and sets at midnight.<span style="color: firebrick;"> High tide is, therefore, associated with sunset and sunrise.</span></span></p><span> </span><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-39939fb8-7fff-9690-cbaa-1a569cac51a7"><img data-cke-saved-src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/DzMt2xaq-New-073B61VL8V7UlazfZu8SGNTo0MMbppX_0JFEiY0DuL8mRKSwIfYN08LItNFo21BwZ0Vg_Bl3OD3fXAd_Atk9N1KQpX_roLQSw7uD_GU1XfqYRYDZJhG0pKyBVKly9ib4ulwOEx9gQ" height="50" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/DzMt2xaq-New-073B61VL8V7UlazfZu8SGNTo0MMbppX_0JFEiY0DuL8mRKSwIfYN08LItNFo21BwZ0Vg_Bl3OD3fXAd_Atk9N1KQpX_roLQSw7uD_GU1XfqYRYDZJhG0pKyBVKly9ib4ulwOEx9gQ" width="50" /></b>Waxing Gibbous phase occurs when the Moon is mostly lit and the illuminated portion is egg-shaped (gibbous) with the eastern edge shaded. The amount of illuminated area visible is increasing from one day to the next which is what is meant by "waxing".</span></p></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3><span style="font-family: inherit;">Key Points:</span></h3><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• Tides on earth are primarily caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. It draws the waters of earth to it (noticeable in oceans and other LARGE bodies of water).</span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• Whereas the moon is moving as the earth rotates under it, the waters are always "chasing" the moon. </span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• The magnitude of tidal </span>fluctuation and timing are strongly <span style="font-family: inherit;">connected to the physical geography of earth. As the waters of the ocean try to "run with" the moon, they will pile up on land masses.</span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">• At high tide, the level of the ocean is higher. Thus, LESS of a beach will be visible. At low tide, the ocean is lower. Thus MORE of the beach will be visible.</span></p></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div>_______________</div><p></p>
<p>
<i><sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></sup>Full disclosure AKA, "It's not that simple.": the moon's path sort of wobbles around the equator due to it having an elliptical orbit that is around 5° tilted relative to the equator. Thus, depending on where you are on earth, the moon will be to the north or south of you by some amount, so "overhead" is actually not straight up. So, to say "directly overhead" means that it is perfectly on a north-south line on the same side of earth as the viewer. "Directly underfoot" would mean that it is exactly 180° away from the same line.</i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8dM4w_CYfX7E34Ey7ojywaORGA66r45k7cFgbjbHv5jxkRCYQCW43ckwyPIheiW5Uo4ILK3GCrqoopT4yPLIUknAKlPM1Qi1-9ivUV4Y2Ia0Jit3wy_xDpQC4RGPzvz5QJRUX9kgCHJ37FQfone-IiClUrhhyohP8__VV2kEwneA_hhPX8C4hfAyPjw/s451/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-22%20at%207.42.51%20AM.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="367" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8dM4w_CYfX7E34Ey7ojywaORGA66r45k7cFgbjbHv5jxkRCYQCW43ckwyPIheiW5Uo4ILK3GCrqoopT4yPLIUknAKlPM1Qi1-9ivUV4Y2Ia0Jit3wy_xDpQC4RGPzvz5QJRUX9kgCHJ37FQfone-IiClUrhhyohP8__VV2kEwneA_hhPX8C4hfAyPjw/s320/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-22%20at%207.42.51%20AM.png" width="260" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=astronomy+meridian"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">https://www.google.com/search?q=astronomy+meridian<br /><br /></span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><p><i>That line has an <b>official name</b>…</i></p><p><i>So do a couple of other points…</i></p><p><i>The <b>zenith</b> is a point directly over the observer's head.</i></p><p><i>The <b>nadir</b> is a point directly under an observer's feet.</i></p><p><i>The <b>celestial poles </b>are points directly above the north and south pole (not "magnetic north" but rather the point around which the earth rotates.</i></p><p><i>So the thing we are talking about with regard to the moon's orbit is technically when it passes through the meridian…</i></p><p><i><b>Meridian: A circle passing through an observer's zenith and nadir AND passing through the celestial poles.</b></i></p><p><i><b><br /></b></i></p><p><i><b><br /></b></i></p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="text-align: left;"><i>The celestial meridian is the line on the celestial sphere joining the observer’s zenith (i.e. the point directly overhead) with the north and south celestial poles.</i></p></div></blockquote><div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpVoKKugdFKIZ8YLe5exIEqAeMGdoR8rAyOWwwfChyvLg3g_6XoK5VWhQ81ygKf3YE94FKWds1k7RByyj8GfI7VQ-kjS0IMr5mYltpFBh0eWTsHId7DISKcdxdldY7LKNVbxawWrX0dtDZEHmxaUGNO7OLlD804jfzxhjUmWuCO4fy3jka00nQ5nl_DQ/s565/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-22%20at%207.48.50%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="565" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpVoKKugdFKIZ8YLe5exIEqAeMGdoR8rAyOWwwfChyvLg3g_6XoK5VWhQ81ygKf3YE94FKWds1k7RByyj8GfI7VQ-kjS0IMr5mYltpFBh0eWTsHId7DISKcdxdldY7LKNVbxawWrX0dtDZEHmxaUGNO7OLlD804jfzxhjUmWuCO4fy3jka00nQ5nl_DQ/w640-h294/Screen%20Shot%202023-02-22%20at%207.48.50%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/c/Celestial+Meridian">https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/c/Celestial+Meridian</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p><i>The tilt of the orbit also has an effect on how long the moon is visible. Most readers will know that days are longer in the summer; that is that the sun is visible for more than 12 hours in a day. In the same way, the moon's visibility will change based on where it is in its orbit.</i></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><div><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p></div><div><p><b><span style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">In the charts that follow, look at the relationship between moonrise and moonset and low tides.</span></b></p></div><div><p dir="ltr"><b><br />Key West</b></p><p dir="ltr">In Key West, on Jan 5, 2023, the moon rose at 4:48 p.m. and was <b>directly overhead at 11:57 p.m</b>. (just before midnight). See the moon event table above. The moon, a little more than 12 hours later, <b>was directly underfoot</b> <b>at 12:23 </b>p.m. and set at 5.41 p.m.</p></div><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></p><div><div><br /></div><div>The related high tides were at 8:35 p.m. (≈3.5 hours before the moon was over head) and at 10:15 a.m. (≈2.25 hours <i>before</i> it was underfoot).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhduY221P88CdSOUn4-GZ2Sx5uxiv9KnwfMpvxENzI8DHF1B4Ywj55M9Pe3bHB5fIcImYje0KtrhRQZOJNRf-zqXjErvVQ5xdbNHQiQKHIkWmc-98oWwJcQBA-ucbsL0hlonekj0cVmbmkvOYPIK0XBIiY9G1ki5XTaZ9GWzw1RilEVv4WV41aXsOLSw/s640/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-05%20at%209.30.37%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="365" height="802" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhduY221P88CdSOUn4-GZ2Sx5uxiv9KnwfMpvxENzI8DHF1B4Ywj55M9Pe3bHB5fIcImYje0KtrhRQZOJNRf-zqXjErvVQ5xdbNHQiQKHIkWmc-98oWwJcQBA-ucbsL0hlonekj0cVmbmkvOYPIK0XBIiY9G1ki5XTaZ9GWzw1RilEVv4WV41aXsOLSw/w459-h802/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-05%20at%209.30.37%20AM.png" width="459" /></a></div></div><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">------</span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>In Honolulu</b>, we saw this:</span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: inherit;">On Jan 5, 2023, the moon rose at 5:12 p.m. and was, on Jan 6, <b>directly overhead at 12:13 a.m</b>. (just after midnight). </span>The moon, a little more than 12 hours later, <b>was directly underfoot</b> <b>at 12:39 </b>p.m. and set at 6:05 p.m.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">High tides, however, occurred at 3:36 a.m. and at 3:06 p.m. (both ≈ 2.5 hours <i>after</i> the moon was overhead or under foot).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpzghNGWC3S2plo_n1gLgS0l6wfWQDhmla_6flTQ4px7H_IVnTs8Kut7z-XUVeSLSBCQccBzQSZ2KB1XMqpMBWO3lBovpErd4YU-qb9aY00yIfImewz-xbkW19tLa5fkkgZXQd9rlGQTza1mRhK4Yi-likX68N_6jBI1Z04LJPjLWSavz8FfooqCFjMQ/s638/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-05%20at%209.20.33%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="365" height="681" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpzghNGWC3S2plo_n1gLgS0l6wfWQDhmla_6flTQ4px7H_IVnTs8Kut7z-XUVeSLSBCQccBzQSZ2KB1XMqpMBWO3lBovpErd4YU-qb9aY00yIfImewz-xbkW19tLa5fkkgZXQd9rlGQTza1mRhK4Yi-likX68N_6jBI1Z04LJPjLWSavz8FfooqCFjMQ/w389-h681/Screen%20Shot%202023-01-05%20at%209.20.33%20AM.png" width="389" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr">In the Honolulu table directly above, We can see that the timing of moonrise and low tide is far from the same. Clearly, more than just the moon affects tides.</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h2></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-29263381254468273492022-04-14T04:46:00.009-07:002022-04-14T06:46:24.209-07:00Population Growth<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Understand the environment and how each organism fits in and a</i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>nalyze the biogeochemical cycles.</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-04)</i></span></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOGS5tUfiGcI_2OilTbwqZ7N6M5ZI9DU0BpvQUAUwutG9UwOPiYNYv6IgFGy_KVS7sDI3zuBVbYb2sHF5kPAtAfToB0tO-bBLJpQVND1itCNjBULVBZlQONNe12PHb6StAxPx620wpprkLyfUpfjyhxz3oAeMhFPpP0dENCI9m7eMozoEATBmmkKnjrA/s1023/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%206.45.34%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="1023" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOGS5tUfiGcI_2OilTbwqZ7N6M5ZI9DU0BpvQUAUwutG9UwOPiYNYv6IgFGy_KVS7sDI3zuBVbYb2sHF5kPAtAfToB0tO-bBLJpQVND1itCNjBULVBZlQONNe12PHb6StAxPx620wpprkLyfUpfjyhxz3oAeMhFPpP0dENCI9m7eMozoEATBmmkKnjrA/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%206.45.34%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div>Population Growth</span></b></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(So, the population gets bigger?)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>When people think about the word "population" it is frequently in the context of how many people live in an area. When applied to ecology, the concept is very similar. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Recall that in ecology, population is "a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time" (<a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/population" target="_blank">Souce, 2022-04</a>)<br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>So, in that context, <b>population growth is… when the number of organisms increases</b> (<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">duh</span></i>).</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><i>The number of individuals in a certain area is known as its </i><b>population density.</b></span></div><div><span><b><br /></b></span></div><div>So, the total population is a number. Population density is how closely they live to one another.</div><div><br /></div><div>The more things in an area, the greater the density. Or, if the same number of things have to live in a smaller area (such as what occurs with habitat destruction), the density will go up, also.</div><div><br /></div><div>Think of it like this… six people on a bus is not very dense. Six people in a compact car IS dense. Six people on a moped… Well, too dense!</div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Population size is affected by:</b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Number of births</li><li>Number of deaths</li><li>Number of individuals that enter the population.</li><li>Number of individuals that leave the population.</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisPnsyXT_CsJcCXdNG3On8_EAYO9hOG8b7yHLDzIGZKbBsAn0uL6mo73oQWpslCzVJr2JLL9IXXup3uKSDF6mv2X7w3wkPJb4M0igZrl8aXnbsqEk9naa20lhK8RuOXZalsXjCAz0hFD3nhd48vS_cEAupcpj7uWEoyy0NX4OUdJ816YNQVFcO7ENv4A/s1004/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%206.54.59%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="1004" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisPnsyXT_CsJcCXdNG3On8_EAYO9hOG8b7yHLDzIGZKbBsAn0uL6mo73oQWpslCzVJr2JLL9IXXup3uKSDF6mv2X7w3wkPJb4M0igZrl8aXnbsqEk9naa20lhK8RuOXZalsXjCAz0hFD3nhd48vS_cEAupcpj7uWEoyy0NX4OUdJ816YNQVFcO7ENv4A/w640-h182/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%206.54.59%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div>If more individuals are born than die in a period of time, the population will increase. If more individuals die than are born in a period of time, population will decrease.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><i>When someone enters or leaves a population by a means other than birth or death</i>, it is called <b>migration</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Immigration</b><i> is the movement of individuals into an area.</i> This causes population to increase.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Emigration</b> <i>is the movement of individuals out of an area.</i> This causes population to decrease.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5n32ygoaNEG4eDqUd94rwe8u8zsDee0a5SJ_LaO5rkQL5q-se_2uAFBMMc7KNzFyB0C7pW0HLOQkuTVd-9ZUs91zkI0RiuLgnn5dHx6ayjrindlkr-E5RRb9Tav9Bg1Smwf6iCjljsEsISAulDmyrHaRT2AH1ZgjqGu55svKAtd0zRJnqHqiMHcD91g/s903/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%206.57.23%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="903" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5n32ygoaNEG4eDqUd94rwe8u8zsDee0a5SJ_LaO5rkQL5q-se_2uAFBMMc7KNzFyB0C7pW0HLOQkuTVd-9ZUs91zkI0RiuLgnn5dHx6ayjrindlkr-E5RRb9Tav9Bg1Smwf6iCjljsEsISAulDmyrHaRT2AH1ZgjqGu55svKAtd0zRJnqHqiMHcD91g/w640-h204/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%206.57.23%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Migration causes people to either bring in new genes to a population or carry their genes out of a population. This causes something called gene flow. <b>Gene flow</b> <i>is the transfer of genetic variation.</i></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaIN3qbKayeeSbpBZbQCQHuPaP9WgqrS7oMwAqorafv4cy6IU-kRUZFAbGtYNDS11mFg7VKQO9CnNsxXm_Xet-QCefDY-sgVQIgPuQTSa6NrLk1RcyEp4_ZDTMNG7-rI__DVc-l0JNE9956R0xihHQkd6BdG63WWih5d1n4IZotVAa8xq-mbdnIhYLDQ/s794/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.27.45%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="794" height="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaIN3qbKayeeSbpBZbQCQHuPaP9WgqrS7oMwAqorafv4cy6IU-kRUZFAbGtYNDS11mFg7VKQO9CnNsxXm_Xet-QCefDY-sgVQIgPuQTSa6NrLk1RcyEp4_ZDTMNG7-rI__DVc-l0JNE9956R0xihHQkd6BdG63WWih5d1n4IZotVAa8xq-mbdnIhYLDQ/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.27.45%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Models of Population Growth</span></b></div><div><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Why do I feel like we are about to get mathed!)</span></i></div><div><br /></div><div>The two models of population growth are exponential and logistic.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO-AyWO6davFjSERCDqrPn5yBpiE6kwNjKdC8-AUMTH0-FT-zEmIdClflVg3lagQN5kl-mz60Gvgz6ka__ftAGzrQlLCok-52zVKp7o6I7JpZgs6QS0VnuJ6HvQAlV0arM9X-XyAndN6B1cN2hMbQsQqHzycE0txb9rRLRwCGQoW80zDfxoA-qN91iWA/s982/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.29.13%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="982" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO-AyWO6davFjSERCDqrPn5yBpiE6kwNjKdC8-AUMTH0-FT-zEmIdClflVg3lagQN5kl-mz60Gvgz6ka__ftAGzrQlLCok-52zVKp7o6I7JpZgs6QS0VnuJ6HvQAlV0arM9X-XyAndN6B1cN2hMbQsQqHzycE0txb9rRLRwCGQoW80zDfxoA-qN91iWA/w400-h150/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.29.13%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><b>Exponential growth</b> <i>occurs when individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. </i>This occurs when resources are unlimited.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNspMa1LKWodJO4fG4_QXGE2UkqdJ560Pr-75WeSPSl_ZPRm3wOuBG6e3I70_qxPfe1FUBEcFJ8A4lIQqqYM_y78M9EkgX67V_XHtUKYfaVJQfUT5jq7_BwE_PyGsWEOU3oshwG7x2E5SydxCm09IAZiYNKLQh8yUBXaMHm2KAMj1Y5MGT_8B790nNJQ/s493/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.31.04%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="493" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNspMa1LKWodJO4fG4_QXGE2UkqdJ560Pr-75WeSPSl_ZPRm3wOuBG6e3I70_qxPfe1FUBEcFJ8A4lIQqqYM_y78M9EkgX67V_XHtUKYfaVJQfUT5jq7_BwE_PyGsWEOU3oshwG7x2E5SydxCm09IAZiYNKLQh8yUBXaMHm2KAMj1Y5MGT_8B790nNJQ/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.31.04%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>This makes the population grow faster as it gets larger.</b></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHQDdYT1rGuk5R7rtjkI1oIzodhaEZs8rsUgp_zfitzyor-SnlgHeoAygcdprC9qqfQGZKUNI-vyr-13QKnxidckBwjdv1rjyOlUxhsZ2jJdQjz9XUMlKaz5f7B4YfmuHaAvUJHw0tNuD5tMhdqgPEZ2oQblkowdeokSe3ZlypBELTPDsLh_CHh-U2EA/s805/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.32.09%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="703" data-original-width="805" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHQDdYT1rGuk5R7rtjkI1oIzodhaEZs8rsUgp_zfitzyor-SnlgHeoAygcdprC9qqfQGZKUNI-vyr-13QKnxidckBwjdv1rjyOlUxhsZ2jJdQjz9XUMlKaz5f7B4YfmuHaAvUJHw0tNuD5tMhdqgPEZ2oQblkowdeokSe3ZlypBELTPDsLh_CHh-U2EA/w400-h349/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.32.09%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cases will increase as long as there are resources (hosts)<br />that can sustain the organism.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Under the <b>logistic growth </b>model, <i>the population levels off at the maximum population point called the carrying capacity</i>.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif_p8IfJNAnlXva2eRgpvWruO1X_lSyc4yVaRYGowCQunUclDgPJDmfL3yRm_EZQ1G9CePfNBLwTaoT-h7V-h_F7R2WJr-vlK-RECv1yfUcEnXydQf4SkZ9He4OeVlgvZsZNTTIqa-gMYy605bFFpyg1PxcplwlywVM7DaJX6k61cvSquGE7fSVjJ3lQ/s586/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.33.53%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="551" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif_p8IfJNAnlXva2eRgpvWruO1X_lSyc4yVaRYGowCQunUclDgPJDmfL3yRm_EZQ1G9CePfNBLwTaoT-h7V-h_F7R2WJr-vlK-RECv1yfUcEnXydQf4SkZ9He4OeVlgvZsZNTTIqa-gMYy605bFFpyg1PxcplwlywVM7DaJX6k61cvSquGE7fSVjJ3lQ/w376-h400/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.33.53%20AM.png" width="376" /></a></div><br /><div><b>Populations move into logistic growth when resources become limited</b>. This is pretty logical. If the environment has the capacity to feed 1000 organisms, once the population reaches that level, it will stop growing.</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #660000;">Side note… A lot of video games like Forge of Empires provides boxes into which you can build things. Once the boxes are all filled, the population of buildings can grow no more… not until you get more resources (land). The number of boxes are analogous to carrying capacity.</span></div></blockquote></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Limiting Factors</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfhbiVWf7B2zdiNT_g6aFUoCnJX-mQMkqpgiS2KswnzEipP8186bRpZaYVa_8IVF1Myqa6w8ct2RuQC9DUTBvbOxiZbqE4EOvmCHImHA5lpMkntXwBSau2M2C_ptuqsL5Oj7yRVAXgThd2Y1PP4JNmv9R4SnV8EghMWw54YHbJPZpq0KJA4NftowoO3Q/s687/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.41.16%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="474" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfhbiVWf7B2zdiNT_g6aFUoCnJX-mQMkqpgiS2KswnzEipP8186bRpZaYVa_8IVF1Myqa6w8ct2RuQC9DUTBvbOxiZbqE4EOvmCHImHA5lpMkntXwBSau2M2C_ptuqsL5Oj7yRVAXgThd2Y1PP4JNmv9R4SnV8EghMWw54YHbJPZpq0KJA4NftowoO3Q/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.41.16%20AM.png" width="221" /></a></div><br />Within an ecosystem, populations stop growing when the resources are fully utilized. The size to which a population can grow is controlled by limiting factors. A <b>limiting factor</b> is any factor that prevents a population from growing too large. <b>In other words, limiting factors determine the carrying capacity of an environment for a species.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Examples:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> Competition (for resources)</li><li> Disease</li><li> Weather/natural disasters</li><li> Available space</li><li> Predators </li></ul><div><b>There are 2 types of limiting factors.</b> They both deal with population density.</div><div><br /></div><div>Population density is the number of individuals in a given area.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNNFzIEKlNupYPobaMh9S_S83MbZzdYY74zAFqU3e0eYkBYyrA4ocp5S59YyTaJwObUPNNVGyGjeLHr9Bpnn3ZoHljRYEoECyWQ-_WaJAWNCdYDuIG777-ZjY0XR7Mnc9h99CCx-hckZlxZ70F8zi0yzJvNd3VTe9KWUYB9xEujZ0r-bnZCpRcKnU6dA/s924/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.42.32%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="924" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNNFzIEKlNupYPobaMh9S_S83MbZzdYY74zAFqU3e0eYkBYyrA4ocp5S59YyTaJwObUPNNVGyGjeLHr9Bpnn3ZoHljRYEoECyWQ-_WaJAWNCdYDuIG777-ZjY0XR7Mnc9h99CCx-hckZlxZ70F8zi0yzJvNd3VTe9KWUYB9xEujZ0r-bnZCpRcKnU6dA/w400-h186/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.42.32%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>Recall that… </div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8JTyQM6SnikLiWyjH2eC-H-xtXw5124k753lI2od3nVfUZEZ5h2rAgMzdSU6KI5_DmSVllrxh6VxOn-Nuyhv4ZJ6LHsm7I-CODqhO9OVcQgC70EPSGIxN_584g41X4vt9RQdhSG-5p-w0pra2EwcRg-VNkgQHQt_js-tm4spPzE434FTaK4H4lxZZzg/s693/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.43.56%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="693" data-original-width="423" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8JTyQM6SnikLiWyjH2eC-H-xtXw5124k753lI2od3nVfUZEZ5h2rAgMzdSU6KI5_DmSVllrxh6VxOn-Nuyhv4ZJ6LHsm7I-CODqhO9OVcQgC70EPSGIxN_584g41X4vt9RQdhSG-5p-w0pra2EwcRg-VNkgQHQt_js-tm4spPzE434FTaK4H4lxZZzg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.43.56%20AM.png" width="195" /></a></div><br />Biotic factors are factors that are living (competition, predation, etc.)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Abiotic factors are factors that are non-living (weather, natural disasters, etc.)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>A <b>density-dependent</b> <i>limiting factor is one that regulates a population depending on its size</i>. As a general rule, these will typically be biotic factors such as competition, predation, parasitism, or disease.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>They have a greater effect with greater population. Disease will have a greater effect on population growth in a large population over a small one.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2XEyMInLzoDPcs4aKl12PqYiGav6a84W0rZlWQ08l3TCts9qV8D5WC4I69qI2PH_z8mq61bd3V6gdcP0_M_RUTsF9qqLdJhWXUIT13GKvAX8pPWr27ZEG8vcfY6PeQrBpSDQj5jXJESYd7sf7iYgGrtf_PBDrtzaD4b7zskBfFysLGFFII0R-u7kM6g/s432/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.45.22%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="237" data-original-width="432" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2XEyMInLzoDPcs4aKl12PqYiGav6a84W0rZlWQ08l3TCts9qV8D5WC4I69qI2PH_z8mq61bd3V6gdcP0_M_RUTsF9qqLdJhWXUIT13GKvAX8pPWr27ZEG8vcfY6PeQrBpSDQj5jXJESYd7sf7iYgGrtf_PBDrtzaD4b7zskBfFysLGFFII0R-u7kM6g/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.45.22%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />A common example of a density-dependent limiting factor is competition and/or predation.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Neither animal can get too large in population size, so they are limiting each other.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyE38KlmDSJLkRm7hKDP3WYrpOeO_7NaKAIkM3KWOTtckE1MP4Ecr_T4hRp-lWJER3XuywO2sS0QGkz0z28xISX4QuQ8f-igkenWYCsPMrrQAwoNww9lDpO8ZASgopfzhWy3yM6_bCwHioalylyRU4l4fqxixOXBXXkQNFaTx3HtBTz16Wne7q8F44Cg/s741/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.46.09%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="741" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyE38KlmDSJLkRm7hKDP3WYrpOeO_7NaKAIkM3KWOTtckE1MP4Ecr_T4hRp-lWJER3XuywO2sS0QGkz0z28xISX4QuQ8f-igkenWYCsPMrrQAwoNww9lDpO8ZASgopfzhWy3yM6_bCwHioalylyRU4l4fqxixOXBXXkQNFaTx3HtBTz16Wne7q8F44Cg/w400-h230/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.46.09%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>A density-independent limiting factor </b><i>is one that affects all populations in similar ways regardless of population size.</i> As a general rule, these will typically be abiotic factors such as weather or natural disasters.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhscFGvKZpumbOHEzUqObvOisOYLVPe2TbZT_A2UyMzvShbVnKm2kRyUEHhRhDJ0bahgv6I9aUSOtig_ZtDOVJZUnvbwzGISKdYuDvA4biJVDNp8yPl4QotzlETqk74MEgVvW0koUnR6NSRMx3KYoZ_-NG_c8C_kLpV-HWdN-JGlMMrwu8hlOpmpaiXNQ/s464/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%208.06.08%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="464" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhscFGvKZpumbOHEzUqObvOisOYLVPe2TbZT_A2UyMzvShbVnKm2kRyUEHhRhDJ0bahgv6I9aUSOtig_ZtDOVJZUnvbwzGISKdYuDvA4biJVDNp8yPl4QotzlETqk74MEgVvW0koUnR6NSRMx3KYoZ_-NG_c8C_kLpV-HWdN-JGlMMrwu8hlOpmpaiXNQ/w400-h280/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%208.06.08%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>They have the same effect with greater population. A tornado will kill any animal unlucky enough to be within its path. It does not matter how dense the population is.</div><div><br /></div><div>___________</div><div><div>Death rates are now lower than birth rates which would lead to population growth. However, they used to be equal.</div><div><br /></div><div>What is one reason why death rates are now lower than birth rates?</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Less people are dying due to new medical technologies.</div><div><br /></div><div>More people are being born due to larger populations and different cultures.</div><div><br /></div><div>Population growth can be measured using an age-structure diagram. This can then be used to predict future growth or decline.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiivz7YhtkEnJu78ZQay6HdZP13wR3OMNhGZr-oYx2vkfAhgsCIAGHYPGHDMJCqP2Y8EJ8HFaTmjeJWWVLUc4NkYWfu_CEOgaFnxBkavEWzYQWe6ctc6lOb8vKEmFIsiLE4mKE10fgGPWcLcM7l9VD2Yt81ha-OSRPM5TPiw6rBsmi1azfjA9wBnxm9A/s821/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.56.09%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="821" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiivz7YhtkEnJu78ZQay6HdZP13wR3OMNhGZr-oYx2vkfAhgsCIAGHYPGHDMJCqP2Y8EJ8HFaTmjeJWWVLUc4NkYWfu_CEOgaFnxBkavEWzYQWe6ctc6lOb8vKEmFIsiLE4mKE10fgGPWcLcM7l9VD2Yt81ha-OSRPM5TPiw6rBsmi1azfjA9wBnxm9A/w640-h396/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.56.09%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>The predictions from these diagrams are greatly influenced by how many people in different age groups are present in a population.</div><div><br /></div><div>You can also compare birth rates for certain age groups. In these diagrams, Country 1 has a higher birth rate for young children than the others.</div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiODDu4q9RykwlCiJ7PPnQE9REaYODDmQREKNDZgUlwaB6pW47_5WHoOnfIn2e0t7DYS4kerSKdZY5sgwddmXtjaNRpaTOMYVF_lSz3CFS6_5ft5FBqfUVhK1AqEY4VjU26FjQh6cri7e9fuPRB8wl8rikhwd0fSg0pC9nsJyRhV0rY52VmNHqAGim7qQ/s548/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.59.08%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="467" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiODDu4q9RykwlCiJ7PPnQE9REaYODDmQREKNDZgUlwaB6pW47_5WHoOnfIn2e0t7DYS4kerSKdZY5sgwddmXtjaNRpaTOMYVF_lSz3CFS6_5ft5FBqfUVhK1AqEY4VjU26FjQh6cri7e9fuPRB8wl8rikhwd0fSg0pC9nsJyRhV0rY52VmNHqAGim7qQ/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%207.59.08%20AM.png" width="273" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Biomagnification</b> <i>is the process by which a pollutant’s concentration is increased through the trophic levels. </i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>The animals that eat the pollutant do not digest it, so it keeps piling up in that organism’s tissue. So, over time, the concentration greatly increases.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>A classic example </b>of biomagnification is DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) which was used as an insecticide in the 1940s.</div><div><br /></div><div>As humans sprayed this liberally, it moved up into the environment and was ingested by birds.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZBtZJjpubnhPgy3G94z4V95umM6lS0WQhWee9vf0DSg5zLn2TOOajVZ2vjYFolle_9D1v4d5fldhb73GBgC_z2DloynDt3x90h8BJlOV2FG3TNCQzuT-so83cAqC1tO5KL6YMysyGkx2Fs3Bz_KuaWU7eHvCQLLhkGwrL7tywxZOQDtxPjM_pl1OW9g/s656/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%208.04.23%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="656" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZBtZJjpubnhPgy3G94z4V95umM6lS0WQhWee9vf0DSg5zLn2TOOajVZ2vjYFolle_9D1v4d5fldhb73GBgC_z2DloynDt3x90h8BJlOV2FG3TNCQzuT-so83cAqC1tO5KL6YMysyGkx2Fs3Bz_KuaWU7eHvCQLLhkGwrL7tywxZOQDtxPjM_pl1OW9g/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%208.04.23%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Once in a bird's system, it will alter the bird's calcium metabolism in a way that results in thinner eggs. When the birds try to warm their eggs, they crush them.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ViekCqMC6wonh_UbM1KZV4IO7Z4-h28UhgtTOwCVG9RpblM3uPdC3DA6ra2nms81QsvtaSMnf1ZjVl5aEEIjr8pSjvRikzzwF5wX69TscNlt51wf_Z7LSVEobpoeZ3VU2ijeBeT8SvXwiNCYnJazS-M414ngud80mA1JFakHETA4QdB3tBnpOhG3sA/s440/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%208.01.41%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="440" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ViekCqMC6wonh_UbM1KZV4IO7Z4-h28UhgtTOwCVG9RpblM3uPdC3DA6ra2nms81QsvtaSMnf1ZjVl5aEEIjr8pSjvRikzzwF5wX69TscNlt51wf_Z7LSVEobpoeZ3VU2ijeBeT8SvXwiNCYnJazS-M414ngud80mA1JFakHETA4QdB3tBnpOhG3sA/w400-h305/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-14%20at%208.01.41%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>As this happened, we learned that it is a probable carcinogen and is toxic to wildlife and the environment.</div></div></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-19971537631551594112022-04-12T10:48:00.002-07:002022-04-12T10:48:11.968-07:00Ecological Succession<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Understand the environment and how each organism fits in and a</i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>nalyze the biogeochemical cycles.</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-04)</i></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtrFIaHzoZGV5xlLhSaxBrBOfu2q_gpijPOg6p-yDjeT3tLCByM6EQ6KTqgNHR0kEP1dZA3qwm_0ztQhZ-D6QSWySc8KF8I3Oz5Rv-LliZethkTYeBF6xGc8KfgHyCXE8KG-JIWlsnX7qgF6If1Shl-KC5BfjCVG2KV9j3SVO9gEayxRE5agK9Wk5oUQ/s710/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.19.42%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="710" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtrFIaHzoZGV5xlLhSaxBrBOfu2q_gpijPOg6p-yDjeT3tLCByM6EQ6KTqgNHR0kEP1dZA3qwm_0ztQhZ-D6QSWySc8KF8I3Oz5Rv-LliZethkTYeBF6xGc8KfgHyCXE8KG-JIWlsnX7qgF6If1Shl-KC5BfjCVG2KV9j3SVO9gEayxRE5agK9Wk5oUQ/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.19.42%20PM.png" width="320" /></a></div>Ecological Succession</span></b></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Hmm… Not exactly the same word as success is it?)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><span><br /><b>Ecological succession</b> is a series of predictable events that occur in a community over time.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><b>Primary succession</b><i> is succession that begins in an area that has no remnants of an older community.</i> In the first image to the right, there was no plant life or soil to begin with.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>In primary succession, <i>the first species to colonize the area is called a </i><b>pioneer species</b>. The pioneer species in primary succession is often a lichen.</span></div><div><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo6yk8wdzUoo3uHbK5UkDnwwfLKNKBWS1jRZA8sTkCLtXnf4ZLORtCLwt8TBVv9vpw5DnjMVOS5jltHKNRTkI4YJpgqoR7hddz3Yd6-rYhbn3cG-MzSphDycnuUnfSM0qoYCBhHSwnciMTpVprAczA7vWXdwXbFPnrrA9kMsLKSRKfvd096gzg-Ebdvg/s867/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.25.34%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="867" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo6yk8wdzUoo3uHbK5UkDnwwfLKNKBWS1jRZA8sTkCLtXnf4ZLORtCLwt8TBVv9vpw5DnjMVOS5jltHKNRTkI4YJpgqoR7hddz3Yd6-rYhbn3cG-MzSphDycnuUnfSM0qoYCBhHSwnciMTpVprAczA7vWXdwXbFPnrrA9kMsLKSRKfvd096gzg-Ebdvg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.25.34%20PM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><b>Let's say a new island is formed from a volcano…</b> <i>That could (does) happen!</i></span></div><div><span><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Once the lava stops, it will become a mass of solid rock.</li><li>Lichens become the pioneer species and begin to form soil. This allows small plants to grow.</li><li>As the smaller plants die and decompose, more nutrients are available for larger plants.</li><li>Over time, there is enough soil for bigger plants</li></ul></div></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi251e3r4DAMqji8hJknxnW66GhkI8I97GLM352TS-eRzqUDz-F4HV_yOcaPDQUZyZj5OGVz5jhj5bK0GcrdTNaZB4IiZXSLzL_9F5zDkrHPc9h1yKmPOTPP07PAvKy2TTjxW19fsCwrAJow6dKo33gkzYiYyhmaiBvBo8tbkwCzVBOlLYt21HzB1-UnA/s976/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.26.54%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="976" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi251e3r4DAMqji8hJknxnW66GhkI8I97GLM352TS-eRzqUDz-F4HV_yOcaPDQUZyZj5OGVz5jhj5bK0GcrdTNaZB4IiZXSLzL_9F5zDkrHPc9h1yKmPOTPP07PAvKy2TTjxW19fsCwrAJow6dKo33gkzYiYyhmaiBvBo8tbkwCzVBOlLYt21HzB1-UnA/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.26.54%20PM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Primary Succession in Maui, HI</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNVh-UZ5syi4t5tyGQoDqehJx-WfgyCLbgVdan6yDZpdqP8quFKz4D__sfPmxL3bxwngXX5Va1xiznueAZB9ft4Jh9vC4ON1J94w91tdOtWbr94LzT7-d8Wlf-BkTc-H_cPPtgMUAkrlaVu8s6lJY6KNCFkuOYYcssCDuRqCiAFS1y3BCkbxD7WMPwlg/s1017/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.27.42%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="1017" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNVh-UZ5syi4t5tyGQoDqehJx-WfgyCLbgVdan6yDZpdqP8quFKz4D__sfPmxL3bxwngXX5Va1xiznueAZB9ft4Jh9vC4ON1J94w91tdOtWbr94LzT7-d8Wlf-BkTc-H_cPPtgMUAkrlaVu8s6lJY6KNCFkuOYYcssCDuRqCiAFS1y3BCkbxD7WMPwlg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.27.42%20PM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kauai, HI - Waimea Canyon</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><br /></span></div><div><b>Secondary succession</b> <i>is succession that occurs when a disturbance affects an existing community but doesn’t completely destroy it.</i> There was plant life and soil to begin with.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK89mUG2hr6uMVa9SlyqBE_0zNilN8iGi5SBGYOKeRNtndsYc2q_HZIt987tX78I35h4mI6LPYNzT7Xns-AgCOGUt4q-VAuKdt9w65rPlKFOr3f-pZHVQKADjqyxmPXvuKz23jZUV9dDsBsQv8DN1YDpqN3_mo5Q7bEX--jo9yocYG06rnjcHo92kFLQ/s914/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.29.00%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="914" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK89mUG2hr6uMVa9SlyqBE_0zNilN8iGi5SBGYOKeRNtndsYc2q_HZIt987tX78I35h4mI6LPYNzT7Xns-AgCOGUt4q-VAuKdt9w65rPlKFOr3f-pZHVQKADjqyxmPXvuKz23jZUV9dDsBsQv8DN1YDpqN3_mo5Q7bEX--jo9yocYG06rnjcHo92kFLQ/w400-h153/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.29.00%20PM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEn7u3WZvUaawVv6EAhIarvpaZ1aLmT5QR074aWOe2WTbSZXEqkj4dFjUw6aeAUHvK8VrJecTvtFL0IUgGDjW-rzyAP0Yh-mOL8EUawOc7M-_Dh2pFF6TqKtvyiJA0v-HVj20n0fo0Es8Nl4jyztSMsWrtg3I3RD9lbWnpVI8KSpIeXe0b7kaqnBeCdw/s848/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.30.32%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="848" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEn7u3WZvUaawVv6EAhIarvpaZ1aLmT5QR074aWOe2WTbSZXEqkj4dFjUw6aeAUHvK8VrJecTvtFL0IUgGDjW-rzyAP0Yh-mOL8EUawOc7M-_Dh2pFF6TqKtvyiJA0v-HVj20n0fo0Es8Nl4jyztSMsWrtg3I3RD9lbWnpVI8KSpIeXe0b7kaqnBeCdw/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.30.32%20PM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />Secondary succession is often caused by a natural disaster.</div><div><br /></div><div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Fire can help return nutrients to the soil killing larger trees.</li><li>This allows grasses and smaller plants to grow.</li><li>These attract herbivores and their predators to return.</li><li>This can lead to ecological restoration.</li></ul></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Examples…</i></span></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Number 1: </b>A volcano erupts covering a small pond in lava rock. Eventually, lichens break down the rock into soil.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGYWn3zQmL6ccvEq104v1X8_j3gsV8P12rKAx5gvHCj5iukVX4pgfFCxI5rXHoCkL-xLJ0wW0oMCBU8B3vprqzOxBu7XFugxIl6v7xBA1n3xOsNUJtiScg_DhD3q0UJ8R5ePmPjvL-I98jIdCxISQf-CyL0Fe5PgJvm_r6pWiZc3RcWWlv0wuup9S3lw/s333/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.35.58%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="333" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGYWn3zQmL6ccvEq104v1X8_j3gsV8P12rKAx5gvHCj5iukVX4pgfFCxI5rXHoCkL-xLJ0wW0oMCBU8B3vprqzOxBu7XFugxIl6v7xBA1n3xOsNUJtiScg_DhD3q0UJ8R5ePmPjvL-I98jIdCxISQf-CyL0Fe5PgJvm_r6pWiZc3RcWWlv0wuup9S3lw/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.35.58%20PM.png" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div>This is <b>primary succession.</b><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Number 2: </b>Humans clear land for farming, which allows new plants to grow.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc9ZOoPGvVzjLr0G-6aOtzMzPkfJ_qAz5NBmF8q4pHVldnmFVgBH3SBOYK4FlKxn6WaWMZNo6nOc7lQALxTAj7CkeVilr-QEzVkdvNqyA3sodluynEBXR8j9knlcCZih4Vl2yfU1K-n-ud6HJDquuZIJJp_xFEb288MF4mMDnmueMz0V_ZMBcfyG6ftg/s328/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.39.12%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="325" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc9ZOoPGvVzjLr0G-6aOtzMzPkfJ_qAz5NBmF8q4pHVldnmFVgBH3SBOYK4FlKxn6WaWMZNo6nOc7lQALxTAj7CkeVilr-QEzVkdvNqyA3sodluynEBXR8j9knlcCZih4Vl2yfU1K-n-ud6HJDquuZIJJp_xFEb288MF4mMDnmueMz0V_ZMBcfyG6ftg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.39.12%20PM.png" width="317" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>This is <b>secondary succession.</b><br /><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Number 3: </b>Humans clear land for farming, which allows new plants to grow.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBMB-Xxgxr8sVE7oX3mA5pMmTiicI-_fJuUa4JBcXjypeu4bngSLIVHmjZavBhcyOTPRHkEvhuWLLBuzxKpEX96ujYGSvK9dTmkFeMe9c8ehKFl10imfW_7CU-PlvHCstCQO-v7D1dg_SxHIB3THJ0FbS_AdM9eLXIbX5tGMdloAkgaoaCGo3ghZ0qaw/s741/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.40.40%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="741" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBMB-Xxgxr8sVE7oX3mA5pMmTiicI-_fJuUa4JBcXjypeu4bngSLIVHmjZavBhcyOTPRHkEvhuWLLBuzxKpEX96ujYGSvK9dTmkFeMe9c8ehKFl10imfW_7CU-PlvHCstCQO-v7D1dg_SxHIB3THJ0FbS_AdM9eLXIbX5tGMdloAkgaoaCGo3ghZ0qaw/w640-h238/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.40.40%20PM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>This is <b>primary succession.</b><br /><div><br /></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Number 4: </b>A wildfire in northern California burned down several acres of forest, which left fresh, nutrient-rich soil for a new ecosystem to form.</div><div><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Sk-NrnFswuyGM6bmE0qTMMm7VxfkXvDOdZvKstMZaoty5zwz23z7DRFi0eiXGa4VJrDKMYkpER5XxsRECZcxPP3jPhDc_v8byPFNvH0Zau78vbvG3B2dKYgVn7yX1GEQ-w7JlumULBRRNA46CL1Z9K3sVX2HC8MN_uOGY8MPhsOOjCy8D9Gq56iWeg/s395/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.42.33%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="395" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Sk-NrnFswuyGM6bmE0qTMMm7VxfkXvDOdZvKstMZaoty5zwz23z7DRFi0eiXGa4VJrDKMYkpER5XxsRECZcxPP3jPhDc_v8byPFNvH0Zau78vbvG3B2dKYgVn7yX1GEQ-w7JlumULBRRNA46CL1Z9K3sVX2HC8MN_uOGY8MPhsOOjCy8D9Gq56iWeg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.42.33%20PM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div>This is <b>secondary succession.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Succession will eventually reach a stable point where the community is at its peak. This is called a climax community.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizDXLZcntI4-mlLLILRr1uJ6w_K94Vy11HQHZm1hdrzYit-PsPzCxgRWFeCSlw2nOfgSpnanUlczYPAvxEiDzhIXcQpM-OjAI_5XcJ39lF5biB9BioGi7kfTGt9-PaBeCJtkvRY1UmEts8aNQpzbTDVpuhQS2PJNbno87_-imaJK53r0gBCbYi5CjXDg/s944/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.44.04%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="764" data-original-width="944" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizDXLZcntI4-mlLLILRr1uJ6w_K94Vy11HQHZm1hdrzYit-PsPzCxgRWFeCSlw2nOfgSpnanUlczYPAvxEiDzhIXcQpM-OjAI_5XcJ39lF5biB9BioGi7kfTGt9-PaBeCJtkvRY1UmEts8aNQpzbTDVpuhQS2PJNbno87_-imaJK53r0gBCbYi5CjXDg/w640-h518/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.44.04%20PM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>In most ecological climax communities, there are a lot of different organisms.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Biodiversity</b> <i>is the variety of life in a particular place.</i> It allows organisms and ecosystems to adapt to environmental change. It also contributes to medicine and agriculture.</div><div><br /></div><div>It also aids ecological communities in recovery from sudden disruptions. <b>Resilience</b> <i>is the ability of an organism or ecosystem to recover after a disturbance.</i> <b>The more biodiversity an ecosystem has, the more resilient it is likely to be.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitZ0sP1Chjq5bBOw-N92RdjBM9gFhINqYkv6SgxRFnScuMzGgqJwrB4O-uBL_VfAkIVvAm1n7Kv6cVpXifUTQgSoidQWhM2ypliXCl-prFtqfYdVPaPzwTW1sNosFCVd52lG3wjS2U6cR5WAjmb-QCYjLiuGYXZSd6Ats6zh76fx6A9vPqJSNbb1Qreg/s701/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.47.30%20PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="701" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitZ0sP1Chjq5bBOw-N92RdjBM9gFhINqYkv6SgxRFnScuMzGgqJwrB4O-uBL_VfAkIVvAm1n7Kv6cVpXifUTQgSoidQWhM2ypliXCl-prFtqfYdVPaPzwTW1sNosFCVd52lG3wjS2U6cR5WAjmb-QCYjLiuGYXZSd6Ats6zh76fx6A9vPqJSNbb1Qreg/w640-h378/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%2012.47.30%20PM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-71174394113053600282022-04-12T06:07:00.010-07:002022-04-13T04:48:46.057-07:00Communities and Ecosystems Dynamics<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Understand the environment and how each organism fits in and a</i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>nalyze the biogeochemical cycles.</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-04)</i></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><br /></div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA9Y082UcF0_MViDzOCoVVdWIGIVRxK23ih7leoajegfAuxQ8DvGk_PKH0eZSCHtXGeit0ypuk-veRFYO5-r7Ob7jf77gtHxLNFweNr8d4GzMxM6IHOSNh6SKCP1rCCjKH_FmRN-LZiL1tIRYQzUa_TLGuDJtX62GTF67nvyX6Iar6CtbEZNbWj-X4Xg/s478/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.08.21%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="478" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA9Y082UcF0_MViDzOCoVVdWIGIVRxK23ih7leoajegfAuxQ8DvGk_PKH0eZSCHtXGeit0ypuk-veRFYO5-r7Ob7jf77gtHxLNFweNr8d4GzMxM6IHOSNh6SKCP1rCCjKH_FmRN-LZiL1tIRYQzUa_TLGuDJtX62GTF67nvyX6Iar6CtbEZNbWj-X4Xg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.08.21%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div>Communities and Ecosystems Dynamics</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(So, how things interact and change?)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><span><br />Each ecosystem has its own set of conditions, which include climate and weather.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><i>Wait! How is climate different than weather?</i></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Weather is the day-to-day conditions. Climate is the average, year-to-year conditions.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg55in_DWMTr9Gu3Ob3V5s3-FU1oAOhMmVt6ZGpWBGPw2bcvR0kJF0TEFedFC0pcRTK73HQfV5R4vgdkh4CUKO8ucKyH5KtIYb5oX0abQARC-utyQo0Zh3z4lZmvI0TYs67i81c66G9N75K9DByVue8WGNoiJdrBjMZcfkCHacaa1qNDpMsdUF3Hgg9AQ/s848/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.09.56%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="848" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg55in_DWMTr9Gu3Ob3V5s3-FU1oAOhMmVt6ZGpWBGPw2bcvR0kJF0TEFedFC0pcRTK73HQfV5R4vgdkh4CUKO8ucKyH5KtIYb5oX0abQARC-utyQo0Zh3z4lZmvI0TYs67i81c66G9N75K9DByVue8WGNoiJdrBjMZcfkCHacaa1qNDpMsdUF3Hgg9AQ/w640-h298/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.09.56%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span><br /></span></div><div><span><b>A serious issue relating to global climate in the 21st Century is the Greenhouse Effect. </b><i>What is that?</i></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpciu8atXlA2d8iI50m96TMzIH1p6XxGkjmqjHPxXmzU__xn5AoO5zWcjToz--xK7Vodye027H3BloG64Mubt5vspV9Fc1XUO9Fq2yKsE1fYnXxNlsqAynSJ075TzLOjZSLuAZcN-Wa8DgOuMewx0JW_RrN7hdLNZI3aQpsod3U6XCak53uyr91zcmQ/s946/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.11.45%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="439" data-original-width="946" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpciu8atXlA2d8iI50m96TMzIH1p6XxGkjmqjHPxXmzU__xn5AoO5zWcjToz--xK7Vodye027H3BloG64Mubt5vspV9Fc1XUO9Fq2yKsE1fYnXxNlsqAynSJ075TzLOjZSLuAZcN-Wa8DgOuMewx0JW_RrN7hdLNZI3aQpsod3U6XCak53uyr91zcmQ/w640-h296/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.11.45%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />So, the sun radiates energy to the earth. Passing through the atmosphere, it warms the air and when it strikes the surface of the earth, it warms that, too. Some of the energy will bounce off the atmosphere back into space. The warmed parts of the earth also, after being heated up by the sun, radiate some of the heat back into space.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Enter the greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide).</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Some of the heat that would radiate back into space is absorbed by greenhouse gases and reflected back to the planet's surface. </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSRlS6OPSmf7eNZsP9-Bu9qG6MshE32uNhmuZof7msDujMIWsNwIR_02X997B6CVzA8vhrTKtX65hlZe65B0c-31awnaq1cET0RFc2UogJFhJrKu3JvP7-zyyGdYhExFrXoHOoZIYHIGC3JhXnbZucMO8qH2FllHT5OO60--h5oc0iF-HmH--ybchiqQ/s933/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.15.39%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="933" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSRlS6OPSmf7eNZsP9-Bu9qG6MshE32uNhmuZof7msDujMIWsNwIR_02X997B6CVzA8vhrTKtX65hlZe65B0c-31awnaq1cET0RFc2UogJFhJrKu3JvP7-zyyGdYhExFrXoHOoZIYHIGC3JhXnbZucMO8qH2FllHT5OO60--h5oc0iF-HmH--ybchiqQ/w320-h191/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.15.39%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><div>A greenhouse works this way. The radiated light from the sun passes into the greenhouse and warms up everything. The warmed up everything then gives off heat that is trapped by the glass of the greenhouse. Partly, this has to do with the frequencies and wavelengths of the radiation coming in and the heat going out. To keep is simple, just know that the sun's energy goes in and the heat gets "trapped."</div><div><br /></div><div>The greenhouse effect in global climate works the same way. <b>Some of the energy that would have radiated back into space is trapped and the result is an overall increase in temperatures.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><i>Moving on…</i></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Each ecosystem also has a group of biotic and abiotic factors.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>The biotic factors all have their own place in the ecosystem. What is the term that describes where an animal lives?</div><div><br /></div><div>A <b>habitat</b><i> is an area with a particular combination of physical and biological environmental factors that influence which organisms can live within it</i>.</div><div><br /></div><div>There are <i>smaller habitats within each habitat</i>. These <i>are called</i> <b>microhabitats</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Each microhabitat can have its own set of environmental conditions called its <b>microclimate</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3vUtxiAEoiRFLbMkEfcpAV5b9Lg2fAYsUwFC4dBxLdbLP3-5rQ6rH_FkVSFbtU4lKLzQM46SKfyUgkzBW23a0P-tj23NYkntMeAAIzM0jOIBjGFeWWFQNev9hFxOresZceDIabGMsOIau7697rh2itd2VEX3NsSfGoq96pvDjj-BDJEjhIk5b_P86lA/s975/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.33.40%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="975" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3vUtxiAEoiRFLbMkEfcpAV5b9Lg2fAYsUwFC4dBxLdbLP3-5rQ6rH_FkVSFbtU4lKLzQM46SKfyUgkzBW23a0P-tj23NYkntMeAAIzM0jOIBjGFeWWFQNev9hFxOresZceDIabGMsOIau7697rh2itd2VEX3NsSfGoq96pvDjj-BDJEjhIk5b_P86lA/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.33.40%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div>Climate plays a big role in determining what can live where. To a certain degree, climate establishes if a habitat is suitable for a particular organism.</div><div><br /></div><div>Can humans live in 140° heat for a long time period?</div><div><br /></div><div>However, most organisms can live within a range of conditions.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Tolerance</b> <i>is the range of external conditions within which a species can survive and reproduce.</i></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZoM_A0H-DYfe136qP2M08rXEGRtZ4CRNbUzL_V1hqr_eO_070KEAQWzoAEz3d4L6psKxFclwqTyLpkJjLP5jHBULt2xw_odeAQ1bUSjVXkB8RE3oGKDJ8hav7Cnl3cVxXUy3VozGGhlRsL1qzf2v1wPLTxSywbjS0JXmdjILcXhEzHbjvXLFHKqnENg/s873/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.36.16%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="873" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZoM_A0H-DYfe136qP2M08rXEGRtZ4CRNbUzL_V1hqr_eO_070KEAQWzoAEz3d4L6psKxFclwqTyLpkJjLP5jHBULt2xw_odeAQ1bUSjVXkB8RE3oGKDJ8hav7Cnl3cVxXUy3VozGGhlRsL1qzf2v1wPLTxSywbjS0JXmdjILcXhEzHbjvXLFHKqnENg/w400-h225/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.36.16%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>Within a given habitat, not all organisms live in all of the places. <b>Within a habitat, each species occupies a niche.</b> This includes the range of conditions it can live in as well as the resources it needs and the way it obtains these resources.</div><div><br /></div><div>For instance, within a single type of tree, different species of warblers occupy different parts.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOSvE-gl7nAI8rQ8IOafR0izq92UNiE057uxBMdVFOZ6Rv1bimJNk0SWMeJQsYQoxGJ4fKek0cpfUThYq9bgdX1mJ7qZQYJwUjIfJv-9HAKc5pXDROjAvpqGPB_icFGhAxCuYh-wPJ3virGcrPdi_46Fv3YgWFks7Sc255c76T8An0S6ZS7BXVPyGBLw/s538/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.37.56%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="538" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOSvE-gl7nAI8rQ8IOafR0izq92UNiE057uxBMdVFOZ6Rv1bimJNk0SWMeJQsYQoxGJ4fKek0cpfUThYq9bgdX1mJ7qZQYJwUjIfJv-9HAKc5pXDROjAvpqGPB_icFGhAxCuYh-wPJ3virGcrPdi_46Fv3YgWFks7Sc255c76T8An0S6ZS7BXVPyGBLw/w400-h358/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.37.56%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><b>A niche basically refers to how an organism fits into an ecosystem.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Each organism must fill a particular role within an ecosystem. Perhaps it is more clear to say that within an ecosystem are a variety of resources. Different organisms make use of those different resources in their own ways. In doing so, they fill a particular role.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Why do organisms have to fill a specific role?</i></div><div><br /></div><div>In order to reduce competition!</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Competition</b> <i>is when organisms attempt to use the same resource in the same place at the same time.</i> There are two types of competition in an ecosystem.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLMl6ZuSox2uWPIEJbhFB0LeUu2jfV6BdmlxFJ5QVpDKuWBUsf5gdSpO1jJtzSyrOJu6yad95Xa3gr5q3SXZTKVEtDsRh1w0YQmo7JC1N81eTCZCwHO-7q489bbcje2r6AcMKhivbaNsi02KNjpWWMq4Jt_Es6EnbTDOtnOZnaMRBcxZaKz0RE5sr0w/s615/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.52.25%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="615" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLMl6ZuSox2uWPIEJbhFB0LeUu2jfV6BdmlxFJ5QVpDKuWBUsf5gdSpO1jJtzSyrOJu6yad95Xa3gr5q3SXZTKVEtDsRh1w0YQmo7JC1N81eTCZCwHO-7q489bbcje2r6AcMKhivbaNsi02KNjpWWMq4Jt_Es6EnbTDOtnOZnaMRBcxZaKz0RE5sr0w/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.52.25%20AM.png" width="320" /></a><b>Intraspecific</b> <b>competition</b> is <i>between</i> members of the <i>same</i> species. That is members within the same species.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Interspecific competition</b> is <i>between</i> members of <i>different</i> species.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Oh! Yeah! <u>Intra</u> means between and <u>Inter</u> means within!</i></div><div><br /></div><div>The competitive exclusion principle states that <i>no two species can occupy the same niche in the same place at the same time.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div>This is why the birds must stay at different parts of the tree.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Let's take a look at an example… with a graph!</i></b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj69owsu8WIxUFCNPcAooM6w2Anfp6GdqdArEsa9WM5qA3Ma0oME1abrzEIHTQ-hRx0wKGezRL5rUdadXRbk9loyh_Q-73_FjCZwJoHb9VZuHrc3cM6z0JidHllQVgYngCH3yUOFqrikc-XzeRZIcRVwzn1VVqPz8FzLTDFzVBW4Df0fAjtMLkNej2dsQ/s551/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.54.42%20AM.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="504" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj69owsu8WIxUFCNPcAooM6w2Anfp6GdqdArEsa9WM5qA3Ma0oME1abrzEIHTQ-hRx0wKGezRL5rUdadXRbk9loyh_Q-73_FjCZwJoHb9VZuHrc3cM6z0JidHllQVgYngCH3yUOFqrikc-XzeRZIcRVwzn1VVqPz8FzLTDFzVBW4Df0fAjtMLkNej2dsQ/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%208.54.42%20AM.png" width="293" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Can both species successfully live in this area if left alone? Yes, they can (dotted lines).</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Based on the graph, can these species live in the same place at the same time?</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><i>Hmm…</i> looks like when they try to occupy the same space, <b>they are forced to compete for resources. </b>This means one species will end up beating out the other.</div><div><br /><i><br /></i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>However, not all relationships between organisms is competitive. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Some relationships between organisms is beneficial.</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Symbiosis</b> refers to how two organisms interact with each other, usually favorably. It <i>is the "interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both;</i></div><div><i>a mutually beneficial relationship between different people or groups</i>" (<a href="interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. a mutually beneficial relationship between different people or groups." target="_blank">Source 2022-04</a>).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Mutualism</b> <i>is when both organisms in a relationship benefit from each other</i>, and it can be written as +/+.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgunDA_1g42IC6J2wkhy-gy6okuHwFI4MkU6m617Jeey9epE_Bh67CheLuTiGAsrdCvehJifPtFFIB_Vw2VlFWwKqUbBkghkUs12LLlX0j7fAvke_12Be1q9dZDl-mIERW3LO6ugbE94obVXGrGMfS5KqxROfX3xEvwsDADMzwb1j94F29sufPeL-MUUg/s616/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%209.00.14%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="616" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgunDA_1g42IC6J2wkhy-gy6okuHwFI4MkU6m617Jeey9epE_Bh67CheLuTiGAsrdCvehJifPtFFIB_Vw2VlFWwKqUbBkghkUs12LLlX0j7fAvke_12Be1q9dZDl-mIERW3LO6ugbE94obVXGrGMfS5KqxROfX3xEvwsDADMzwb1j94F29sufPeL-MUUg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%209.00.14%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;">The fish is protected.The anemones are cleaned.<br /></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><div><br /></div><div><b>Commensalism</b><i> is when one organism benefits while the other is unaffected</i>, and it can be written as +/0.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDo67dtWilwIlNIPAQo47FVXC3X7MvQWNJY-HSywu5eH5K6rVD4Fp7htpN6jPVS_W6FxtWTOTv9Ce1Po7mtvpAQy89v0GP9Nl8T25t0ZRum-ft7NFt4cWJEVK1ZtMAOwFje_ZoTfQ2glJn4NePzTuHt67tqbCWquQc-CQHi_KLePZO-pUyy7uvPCbe1g/s624/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%209.01.39%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: #990000;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="624" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDo67dtWilwIlNIPAQo47FVXC3X7MvQWNJY-HSywu5eH5K6rVD4Fp7htpN6jPVS_W6FxtWTOTv9Ce1Po7mtvpAQy89v0GP9Nl8T25t0ZRum-ft7NFt4cWJEVK1ZtMAOwFje_ZoTfQ2glJn4NePzTuHt67tqbCWquQc-CQHi_KLePZO-pUyy7uvPCbe1g/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%209.01.39%20AM.png" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;">The tree frog uses plants for protection, but the plant is unaffected.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Some relationships between organisms is harmful.</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Parasitism</b> <i>is when one organism lives inside or on another organism and benefits itself while harming the host</i>, and it can be written as +/-.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibves1s7xqGOZhgyPCIDwt3u_u75XHou5dIFPu0Nhf7I0IlTkFB4bNL0QC5AqeJVOkJdiH8gcpZVQWkL4_QRdl-tGO7yM2JqFyap55PLshJ-BZrFAmOIhGpJomUvu0xaqfKniFakIZ_Fi5pJMuH_RsVsT7XiQp4pDZQ28gQuRNbQQsRpWieUzIyMV9mw/s586/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%209.03.58%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="586" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibves1s7xqGOZhgyPCIDwt3u_u75XHou5dIFPu0Nhf7I0IlTkFB4bNL0QC5AqeJVOkJdiH8gcpZVQWkL4_QRdl-tGO7yM2JqFyap55PLshJ-BZrFAmOIhGpJomUvu0xaqfKniFakIZ_Fi5pJMuH_RsVsT7XiQp4pDZQ28gQuRNbQQsRpWieUzIyMV9mw/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%209.03.58%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;">The tick gains nutrients while the human can get sick.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBsvO4ikgXhNmPxm4xPLkEw9C4TQEOJCfM--nTMNSUUMIoheUSXMgI5NbGrrvDHw3cqMOdOZw74dF7GpqThMHvbHnS60YIP1Jq_gZ7qRPc5wHamhR2GuHcO8Q2VMfJOkoizYgG2L0qQsXKd6a_1XrpK31Za5A3mMrs-x9oEt1kbAkKgq1YrTZ_eU4TwQ/s861/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%209.05.35%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="861" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBsvO4ikgXhNmPxm4xPLkEw9C4TQEOJCfM--nTMNSUUMIoheUSXMgI5NbGrrvDHw3cqMOdOZw74dF7GpqThMHvbHnS60YIP1Jq_gZ7qRPc5wHamhR2GuHcO8Q2VMfJOkoizYgG2L0qQsXKd6a_1XrpK31Za5A3mMrs-x9oEt1kbAkKgq1YrTZ_eU4TwQ/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%209.05.35%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;">Some crustaceans attach to reef fish and take their sustenance.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>There are also ways that more than two organisms interact with each other. Simply put, this is a normal functioning ecosystem.</div><div><br /></div><div>A <b>keystone species</b> <i>is a species that plays a vital and unique role in maintaining structure, stability, and diversity in an ecosystem.</i></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7kdi6qHEb4CYSRDWjuxovJpta5-0lOwH1fVVKzMTlB48uTre9rCku-wWCwFqkFMEiJJY4AhRx8LsW3wOcDt0ZQPX6ds-rOuZirjgf9UyR1CW7wnHjCOQkZeXlTo9Hx8PgcEVCipwlxxBJU-jNMbv_ZteD_I1i1M_ysBq58fKajzr0wAph1zpjng6MGA/s759/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%209.08.17%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="759" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7kdi6qHEb4CYSRDWjuxovJpta5-0lOwH1fVVKzMTlB48uTre9rCku-wWCwFqkFMEiJJY4AhRx8LsW3wOcDt0ZQPX6ds-rOuZirjgf9UyR1CW7wnHjCOQkZeXlTo9Hx8PgcEVCipwlxxBJU-jNMbv_ZteD_I1i1M_ysBq58fKajzr0wAph1zpjng6MGA/w640-h318/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-12%20at%209.08.17%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div>The keystone species is a species that other species largely depend on, such that if it were removed, the ecosystem would change dramatically.</div><div><br /></div><div>Further thoughts…</div><div><br /></div><div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>What happened to the ecosystem at Yellowstone National Park when the wolves were removed?<br /><br /></li><li>Based on this, is it fair to say that wolves are a keystone species?<br /><br /></li><li>What happened to the ecosystem at Yellowstone National Park when the wolves were reintroduced in 1995?</li></ol></div></div><div><br /><div><br /></div></div></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-68567046136505955132022-04-07T05:31:00.002-07:002022-04-07T05:57:08.730-07:00Cycles of Matter in Ecology<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Understand the environment and how each organism fits in and a</i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>nalyze the biogeochemical cycles.</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-03)</i></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2uIy59LV8gf0IWdfhn6EFOI5X0kf1HuIcujKnKP2DXW3MOprTReO1G5wR3FHDMyezgWez5NdApRrF0YyNKu_QxnOLtBFFkLsGZxW0Xlf8ruFSKuwl2TPlFAIZEYWeg7GVC-dEipBuGUxL5fPQ2Qb10vofAdHZIRUsPrVhhtbckA5G1bavkzMPfBN_QQ/s991/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.45.20%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="991" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2uIy59LV8gf0IWdfhn6EFOI5X0kf1HuIcujKnKP2DXW3MOprTReO1G5wR3FHDMyezgWez5NdApRrF0YyNKu_QxnOLtBFFkLsGZxW0Xlf8ruFSKuwl2TPlFAIZEYWeg7GVC-dEipBuGUxL5fPQ2Qb10vofAdHZIRUsPrVhhtbckA5G1bavkzMPfBN_QQ/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.45.20%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div>Cycles of Matter in Ecology</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Life is a merry-go-round?)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><span><br />The Law of Conservation insist that matter can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it only changes forms. So, where does the rain come from? If plants, in a remote jungle without human interaction, use up the nitrogen in the soil, how does more get there?</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Nature handles this! There are several cycles of matter within nature!</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Water Cycle</b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>"The water cycle shows the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere. It is a complex system that includes many different processes. Liquid water evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and snow" (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>).</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga4DHV_HUQZ_tBFVUSIelgA0hvUHF-djqIdmCuASEFqOU2iJ0QaxSTrRcEQEtzxx6TB32xoZLtLuqGTK8H40rHQjbxHPuv-DNOyyVTuPh-M5MTCjxIL7PHq-UiM62pLIdI2M-LL6VZvu2_iIRsLvlGi0eLtKJO8obCGre7nqepgm6u4_qhtLW_KvhVSQ/s1189/watercycle_rc.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="1189" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga4DHV_HUQZ_tBFVUSIelgA0hvUHF-djqIdmCuASEFqOU2iJ0QaxSTrRcEQEtzxx6TB32xoZLtLuqGTK8H40rHQjbxHPuv-DNOyyVTuPh-M5MTCjxIL7PHq-UiM62pLIdI2M-LL6VZvu2_iIRsLvlGi0eLtKJO8obCGre7nqepgm6u4_qhtLW_KvhVSQ/w640-h306/watercycle_rc.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source, 2022-03</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Water leaves the tree through transpiration.<br /><br /></li><li>Water leaves bodies of water or the ground through evaporation.<br /><br /></li><li>Water condenses within the cloud through condensation.<br /><br /></li><li>Water comes down to earth through precipitation.<br /><br /></li><li>Water moves down by force of gravity; this movement is called runoff.<br /><br /></li><li>Water leaks into the ground through seepage.<br /><br /></li><li>Water is taken back up by plants through root uptake. </li></ol></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBw65DO-rRcjQSwuRlgNMPzi2OkOheFfoZUyVWekZTr5W2E2VuWMh3UbPjjhNKN3M5bP7BdckvWTJjgjeaClL_ekn6nfTehppD4CelGOD4obkzGYW10_uUAOkOnqRlNpkP_dPxYXG7r9rzuLIvJSEjggHIYm4JPyAdVj8qOBYE3lTUL-F5m66Cp1Plzg/s778/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.52.53%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="753" data-original-width="778" height="620" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBw65DO-rRcjQSwuRlgNMPzi2OkOheFfoZUyVWekZTr5W2E2VuWMh3UbPjjhNKN3M5bP7BdckvWTJjgjeaClL_ekn6nfTehppD4CelGOD4obkzGYW10_uUAOkOnqRlNpkP_dPxYXG7r9rzuLIvJSEjggHIYm4JPyAdVj8qOBYE3lTUL-F5m66Cp1Plzg/w640-h620/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.52.53%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><div>Runoff into the ocean produces nutrient-rich coastal waters.</div><div><br /></div><div>This causes coastal waters to be more productive in terms of energy.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9v1-F1rVwnCEOGicPT7hxJffZexONiAsQtbt3wJPLHJV9zjcw53vAOWTaladZpMlRF-XC6h_PWgF6qRw42_DR_oWakSmnwS542wapPUWClgP2jfSXnxSV10lip_ByP-YVHsbVItxahFFxs7sdesGjbWTLoKzHti7akv4_3mmEPLmd1g2pljH-j0eezg/s603/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.54.05%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="603" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9v1-F1rVwnCEOGicPT7hxJffZexONiAsQtbt3wJPLHJV9zjcw53vAOWTaladZpMlRF-XC6h_PWgF6qRw42_DR_oWakSmnwS542wapPUWClgP2jfSXnxSV10lip_ByP-YVHsbVItxahFFxs7sdesGjbWTLoKzHti7akv4_3mmEPLmd1g2pljH-j0eezg/w640-h488/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.54.05%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Carbon Cycle</b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><div>"The carbon cycle is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again. Most carbon is stored in rocks and sediments, while the rest is stored in the ocean, atmosphere, and living organisms.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>On Earth, most carbon is stored in rocks and sediments, while the rest is located in the ocean, atmosphere, and in living organisms. These are the reservoirs, or sinks, through which carbon cycles.</div><div><br /></div><div>Carbon is released back into the atmosphere when organisms die, volcanoes erupt, fires blaze, fossil fuels are burned, and through a variety of other mechanisms" (<a href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/carbon-cycle.html" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>).</div></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMACXiRepaan0b2KhjTyLK-OynLdDdjmeSddUcMVaCbYHxfi5bmfVZ9WeDF-z-Ag5BirLxtDhh67-H5H3aHD49zFx2xJCghfUmus3SS7YNnlS3tlY7LsGeh0YffVrkPWOOxyg7p1uswUDoQJGPCF6aIKCGx51d-EGtLG-H-dQCgV7D-lOxHEr64VM6A/s724/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.00.20%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="724" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMACXiRepaan0b2KhjTyLK-OynLdDdjmeSddUcMVaCbYHxfi5bmfVZ9WeDF-z-Ag5BirLxtDhh67-H5H3aHD49zFx2xJCghfUmus3SS7YNnlS3tlY7LsGeh0YffVrkPWOOxyg7p1uswUDoQJGPCF6aIKCGx51d-EGtLG-H-dQCgV7D-lOxHEr64VM6A/w640-h540/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.00.20%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Carbon-Cycle-Source-Alamy-2020-The-Carbon-Cycle-8_fig2_343185753" target="_blank">Source 2022-03</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>CO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> is found as gas in the atmosphere. How does it get there?</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>CO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> is also found dissolved in the ocean. This is because water dissolves CO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Last, carbon is found as coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock in the ground.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyWhrxwKhQDZESa5m4xlgbV3K0CUV0Kx75Ff7WAwvo8Aj5Pm2aSHrsOV88D61dk_4GE-m2JdDciQ_1lv2OsMYFFfZcekEHPMYS9Jnbw7kSKAMmVNaiMLopulHV_R06Sr7TvfGMhCVO2hS_cK0IBPqoQmfSEkPWyXUGHGxjwn_QjhSo4d3BW77eYf-7eg/s591/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.55.57%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="489" data-original-width="591" height="530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyWhrxwKhQDZESa5m4xlgbV3K0CUV0Kx75Ff7WAwvo8Aj5Pm2aSHrsOV88D61dk_4GE-m2JdDciQ_1lv2OsMYFFfZcekEHPMYS9Jnbw7kSKAMmVNaiMLopulHV_R06Sr7TvfGMhCVO2hS_cK0IBPqoQmfSEkPWyXUGHGxjwn_QjhSo4d3BW77eYf-7eg/w640-h530/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.55.57%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><div><span>Look at the image above and answer these questions:</span></div></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span><div style="text-align: left;">What contributes to CO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> in the ocean?</div></span></div><div><span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></span></div><div><span><div style="text-align: left;">What are three activities that put CO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> into the atmosphere?</div></span></div><div><span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></span></div><div><span><div style="text-align: left;">What are the two activities that take CO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> out of the atmosphere?</div></span></div></blockquote><div><span><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Nitrogen Cycle</b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><div>The nitrogen cycle is a repeating cycle of processes during which nitrogen moves through both living and nonliving things: the atmosphere, soil, water, plants, animals and bacteria. Microscopic living organisms that usually contain only one cell and are found everywhere. Bacteria can cause decomposition or breaking down, of organic material in soils.. In order to move through the different parts of the cycle, nitrogen must change forms. In the atmosphere, nitrogen exists as a gas (N<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>), but in the soils it exists as nitrogen oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>, and when used as a fertilizer, can be found in other forms, such as ammonia, NH3, which can be processed even further into a different fertilizer, ammonium nitrate, or NH<span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span>NO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>.</div><div>(<a href="https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2019.00041" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>)</div><div><br /></div><div>The <b>nitrogen cycle</b> <i>describes how nitrogen moves between plants, animals, bacteria, the atmosphere, and soil in the ground</i>.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1lNXq_VaSTeci9Rbd22SCDBvv_YJ5xg1VaZHndTAF5u4JOC_nMHfzD1MwuC3HnyjZ5Tm-dJH1D3TBDVMZpFQHNJHnUkhRBcrrIYycn60JVJw6E7ExCcHk1gg0dmfrs_ImpHb1Dx2YNdN2GlQauoMPFsVEK9SWyfOPMENhjmpzZbxeLMBKXIjEmvcXuw/s614/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.35.39%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="614" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1lNXq_VaSTeci9Rbd22SCDBvv_YJ5xg1VaZHndTAF5u4JOC_nMHfzD1MwuC3HnyjZ5Tm-dJH1D3TBDVMZpFQHNJHnUkhRBcrrIYycn60JVJw6E7ExCcHk1gg0dmfrs_ImpHb1Dx2YNdN2GlQauoMPFsVEK9SWyfOPMENhjmpzZbxeLMBKXIjEmvcXuw/w640-h484/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.35.39%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div>For nitrogen to be used by different life forms, it must be changed into different states.</div><div><br /></div><div>The nitrogen found in the atmosphere is N<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Other forms of nitrogen used are:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Nitrates (NO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>)</li><li>Nitrites (NO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>)</li><li>Ammonium (NH<span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span>)</li></ul></div></div><div><div>There are 4 important processes that occur during the nitrogen cycle:</div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span><div><div><div><div>1. Nitrogen fixation is when bacteria change nitrogen into ammonium.</div></div></div></div></span></div><div><span><div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div></span></div><div><span><div><div style="text-align: left;">2. Ammonification is when decomposers turn the nitrogen from a dead plant or animal back into ammonium so it can re-enter the nitrogen cycle.</div></div></span></div><div><span><div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div></span></div><div><span><div><div style="text-align: left;">3. Nitrification is when ammonium in the soil is converted to a state that plants can use. This is done by nitrifying bacteria.</div></div></span></div><div><span><div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div></span></div><div><span><div><div style="text-align: left;">4. Denitrification is when extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back into the air. This is done by denitrifying bacteria.</div></div></span></div></blockquote><div><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span><div><div><br /></div><div>One way nitrogen can be aided in entering a plant is through lightning storms.</div><div><br /></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyY5TpD2SV8AofLaqRlqfOPgdKnJJ0yEWRqimm_GBjDL8Uxg4ZjsdLwXKl9LDZ_vbJ6lUpZexPIEHgM_k-q8P6l843jxUBncL-TVJ7JcKSpedxlpHaHye5piEuSHIljFCPXB-RZwpiHT2TdmTnJ3iWWCNBSyoG2bdrcG9ATPiiBbMFANelAbmxowZFKg/s687/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.39.34%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="687" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyY5TpD2SV8AofLaqRlqfOPgdKnJJ0yEWRqimm_GBjDL8Uxg4ZjsdLwXKl9LDZ_vbJ6lUpZexPIEHgM_k-q8P6l843jxUBncL-TVJ7JcKSpedxlpHaHye5piEuSHIljFCPXB-RZwpiHT2TdmTnJ3iWWCNBSyoG2bdrcG9ATPiiBbMFANelAbmxowZFKg/w640-h434/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.39.34%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2019.00041" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source, 2022-03</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Phosphorus Cycle</b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div>"The Phosphorus Cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformation and translocation of phosphorus in soil, water, and living and dead organic material" (<a href="https://swroc.cfans.umn.edu/research/soil-water/phosphorus-cycle" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>).</div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqvFJjP4Bg9n3xmjSbUaqJipr50nQVZiLqZITUD-MWS0YSlQ0XgNWfuPICbI8x5cV_1Jq5vHoAAQLb9AHtyYelorfEi-7lQueTPdyuN8-GoxB2Dotn_JwWQN1gUQANK3gaMV2zxytdt2PbHzrnrc51hUmKoy-u2IMKzb_LsJnNNIVaM7JjHwWepfWFw/s980/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.52.36%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="980" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqvFJjP4Bg9n3xmjSbUaqJipr50nQVZiLqZITUD-MWS0YSlQ0XgNWfuPICbI8x5cV_1Jq5vHoAAQLb9AHtyYelorfEi-7lQueTPdyuN8-GoxB2Dotn_JwWQN1gUQANK3gaMV2zxytdt2PbHzrnrc51hUmKoy-u2IMKzb_LsJnNNIVaM7JjHwWepfWFw/w640-h480/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.52.36%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Phosphorus is mostly contained in rocks and minerals. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for life as it makes up parts of DNA.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the phosphorus cycle, phosphorus moves between the soil and plants. The animals use phosphorus, and then their waste products help return it to the soil.</div><div><br /></div><div>Some of the phosphorus in soil can be washed away into water basins. Another source of phosphorus in water comes from man-made pollution.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhgkVwSBpfmps15OtEk3Njb0oAv19iETc5EnpONVlydZE41yZZ3u3Ydi_xQ24b-rfPS5tB4Wj6dbTopM1o6uW5E6Yi9__Hds4vF8c3gvWt9UwdNRAqBPvToJ0QH0ZNZCKvMu32DjzMH9aJqFB0SSJ4gx3PnxR-T4XYHuiBPj4-hx9uUJZyqZLzMuES8w/s495/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.54.02%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="495" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhgkVwSBpfmps15OtEk3Njb0oAv19iETc5EnpONVlydZE41yZZ3u3Ydi_xQ24b-rfPS5tB4Wj6dbTopM1o6uW5E6Yi9__Hds4vF8c3gvWt9UwdNRAqBPvToJ0QH0ZNZCKvMu32DjzMH9aJqFB0SSJ4gx3PnxR-T4XYHuiBPj4-hx9uUJZyqZLzMuES8w/w640-h560/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.54.02%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Too much phosphorus in water can lead to plant overgrowth which essentially strangles all other life forms in the water.</b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqj4zMr83cGcnLcULfQY_P3DnAmz9OXGecfTnDJW8uhTGUW7KAASdnmxr_86QN7ye0qF1JIyRTpAsnhuPIl7W5hK5h49HNWI5zlHMaKxopWubzPBUiV1jFqlMJyMdU2TNaD1QifMji9GRHUhKTYWuan4QwFuyrdYXmWDodHhctRUckafemYcUc8kVvjA/s723/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.55.42%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="723" height="429" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqj4zMr83cGcnLcULfQY_P3DnAmz9OXGecfTnDJW8uhTGUW7KAASdnmxr_86QN7ye0qF1JIyRTpAsnhuPIl7W5hK5h49HNWI5zlHMaKxopWubzPBUiV1jFqlMJyMdU2TNaD1QifMji9GRHUhKTYWuan4QwFuyrdYXmWDodHhctRUckafemYcUc8kVvjA/w640-h429/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.55.42%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-1X5iu53DTVE-Xe7d2kNj7McTWxiwH95It5_jP5devjVOK1tquX-_0ECt0vJw1xYm6yQnsXc_F1kjbAkEC-Man5lL47kTlaxlo4sc_SCODSfRsFoiF29U3_yWfCOEyuK5iv8hYnbFHMOYMxmpUIS2SaBH16lpoJ9Yuospgo1CqRYyKqYJ5u4JoUPCbw/s1007/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.56.05%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="753" data-original-width="1007" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-1X5iu53DTVE-Xe7d2kNj7McTWxiwH95It5_jP5devjVOK1tquX-_0ECt0vJw1xYm6yQnsXc_F1kjbAkEC-Man5lL47kTlaxlo4sc_SCODSfRsFoiF29U3_yWfCOEyuK5iv8hYnbFHMOYMxmpUIS2SaBH16lpoJ9Yuospgo1CqRYyKqYJ5u4JoUPCbw/w640-h478/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%207.56.05%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><i>Bottom Line:</i></div><div><br /></div><div>Phosphorus is trapped in rocks and released when rain (which can be acidic) erodes the rocks.</div></div></span></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-7645303832396383542022-04-07T04:30:00.003-07:002022-04-07T04:40:11.512-07:00Food Chains and Food Webs<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Understand the environment and how each organism fits in.</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-03)</i></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsAfuOBd-um2COclob2eE5BWYYcdUKDCdBUeo-twcJQ5USKeF_TwwJwlwTfrR5nU33A1BAEYOPrYlap07dDnzj8MOJ03cM9w-Yy4guTI9lxDxyuaee6EEWmrNYW7t3bki1JtcaZ8ckSD3vUMTjCpK5CKQLOhZsQ8jQBaiu89uFf3LBcBg_wluKf5Xfcg/s436/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.30.58%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="316" data-original-width="436" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsAfuOBd-um2COclob2eE5BWYYcdUKDCdBUeo-twcJQ5USKeF_TwwJwlwTfrR5nU33A1BAEYOPrYlap07dDnzj8MOJ03cM9w-Yy4guTI9lxDxyuaee6EEWmrNYW7t3bki1JtcaZ8ckSD3vUMTjCpK5CKQLOhZsQ8jQBaiu89uFf3LBcBg_wluKf5Xfcg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.30.58%20AM.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><div><b>Food Chains and Food Webs</b></div></b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(I'm thinking pizza?)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><span><br />A <b>food chain</b> <i>is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.</i> A <b>food web</b><i> is a network of interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem</i>.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdTBfsoVf-SGS73PVH1QhyW4eMTRKtr6zze4DYzXB7_KKTYEG-qeEq5ObrbNMU_Q2rv5ipPI1hLcDA6heVVQL6Pd2QKTrWZqWHTvbT_LllXTUvs3mA11MwEiCL9vHCk8Es3d1rRdnvIPDEfOeaZP5X6sBu53_AVdByTGLKDDz72e-v9Uf3fwfMHKTt8Q/s746/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.34.27%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="155" data-original-width="746" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdTBfsoVf-SGS73PVH1QhyW4eMTRKtr6zze4DYzXB7_KKTYEG-qeEq5ObrbNMU_Q2rv5ipPI1hLcDA6heVVQL6Pd2QKTrWZqWHTvbT_LllXTUvs3mA11MwEiCL9vHCk8Es3d1rRdnvIPDEfOeaZP5X6sBu53_AVdByTGLKDDz72e-v9Uf3fwfMHKTt8Q/w640-h132/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.34.27%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://k8schoollessons.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/quaternary-consumers.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source, 2022-03</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span><br /></span></div><div><b>The arrow in a food chain represents energy flow. </b>It can be read as “is eaten by”.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>The top predator is called the </i><b>apex predator.</b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYoBgVLVyYBG0-8g2jxtYz4bjEGiTlc5oymmHg_Qb3Sp8p-r2fh4UCgNcbYPkoNEh9uBrYwlgChF_ZqPx2LpsiocXwdJrAtnuQCum-_srYJtQnl0i7x6osDI2J_Er8QpjXHT-AVUFsXeyW57av3aHXy37qWSOxhZkebdDII0MF5BFd40aQa7gIkCogzg/s759/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.38.14%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="718" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYoBgVLVyYBG0-8g2jxtYz4bjEGiTlc5oymmHg_Qb3Sp8p-r2fh4UCgNcbYPkoNEh9uBrYwlgChF_ZqPx2LpsiocXwdJrAtnuQCum-_srYJtQnl0i7x6osDI2J_Er8QpjXHT-AVUFsXeyW57av3aHXy37qWSOxhZkebdDII0MF5BFd40aQa7gIkCogzg/w606-h640/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-07%20at%206.38.14%20AM.png" width="606" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-52120032986449541412022-04-06T05:16:00.007-07:002022-04-11T04:39:03.014-07:00Introducing Ecology<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Understand the environment and how each organism fits in.</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-03)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></b></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Introducing Ecology</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Hey! This sounds familiar!)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><br /></div><div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQy-CRW4wwlRz7K-FBlNdnQqYgCZz8iJlPYWDN3RdKoTh_oy3jvGbKQASW9SvBnucs5ZIeKrrJ5noGAdmIxplYV98uSWTcPHoX9xPjzv1cLFo5RUl32Qn42lzajrezzEqyusFNfy26aXXJo4oWY8OV9kyQeqk-7ai8CeGO-ExTdAuOrQldPtuMMOC7lw/s345/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.38.32%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="345" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQy-CRW4wwlRz7K-FBlNdnQqYgCZz8iJlPYWDN3RdKoTh_oy3jvGbKQASW9SvBnucs5ZIeKrrJ5noGAdmIxplYV98uSWTcPHoX9xPjzv1cLFo5RUl32Qn42lzajrezzEqyusFNfy26aXXJo4oWY8OV9kyQeqk-7ai8CeGO-ExTdAuOrQldPtuMMOC7lw/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.38.32%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />Ecology</b> <i>is the study of interactions amongst organisms and between organisms and their environment.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>It is the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings (<a href="https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>).</div><div><br /></div><div>Ecology includes the whole spectrum of things related to and essential for living creatures and their interactions. It starts small… very small… and expands to include more and more things. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>Ecology is tiered using several levels of organization.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD0zVIl4Uig88D6jcKV7T5LFWjmVsep4bgLEP40Pz7FWMc506H90GxOZyYyMf_ePWwxS1eeVz1acSvy8qb5tOjSjoX7UVrjpjdqzuxffqlD3DIq-z1oZI3huZTTgFXkAiL6GymNcRdhYfhgue8ta4t6BJ7jnCrSt-4W8UGXOcXRgi6NzMarUMxmF0Bag/s1024/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.42.45%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="1024" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD0zVIl4Uig88D6jcKV7T5LFWjmVsep4bgLEP40Pz7FWMc506H90GxOZyYyMf_ePWwxS1eeVz1acSvy8qb5tOjSjoX7UVrjpjdqzuxffqlD3DIq-z1oZI3huZTTgFXkAiL6GymNcRdhYfhgue8ta4t6BJ7jnCrSt-4W8UGXOcXRgi6NzMarUMxmF0Bag/w640-h478/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.42.45%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b></div><div><i>Let's go for a little context…</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div>A <b>species</b> <i>is a group of organisms so similar that they can successfully breed</i>. A <b>population</b> <i>is a group of individuals that are in the same species <u>and the same area</u>; they can also successfully breed</i>.<i> </i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc-TkoTaNUFE1wfgKt3I7F_SHlf1kyQzEJSXPkhgyAy9FseWtyWbVQN-8FEDwbo1tame0YCjVNj2bmcbXqXSPR2p0DsMlHXxAJ-mVvXltMt-WFS8gsWvkJOoq1ND8ig_D7C3YTITu8rJ1LMnzpP1sK99-wrgOdGl9g_LUAvp0KV34lwUgwfRBJUjFZ9Q/s992/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.44.30%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="992" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc-TkoTaNUFE1wfgKt3I7F_SHlf1kyQzEJSXPkhgyAy9FseWtyWbVQN-8FEDwbo1tame0YCjVNj2bmcbXqXSPR2p0DsMlHXxAJ-mVvXltMt-WFS8gsWvkJOoq1ND8ig_D7C3YTITu8rJ1LMnzpP1sK99-wrgOdGl9g_LUAvp0KV34lwUgwfRBJUjFZ9Q/w400-h174/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.44.30%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><i><br /></i></div><div><br /></div><div>A <b>community</b> <i>is a group of <u>different</u> populations in one area.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div>An <b>ecosystem</b><i> is made up of all living and non-living organisms in an area.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>A <b>biome</b> is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXlcHmkT_UIyNxgqj1yeeVZibKEZ0iP6L0Pax4wDwVm5UEt85AKZY4KO1ZbSQ0qAXAlxkOIq3gmwcJ8fFW3H2PBij1HqQGEg-1A1i2hBOHgt41SuVA5aY95h0P_KrQWXsmjo7Wg36SbObdd2-JxIojoILdG9t7cJmzNojwVVuaEN8XDUSF5Ib30LauAw/s763/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.47.21%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="763" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXlcHmkT_UIyNxgqj1yeeVZibKEZ0iP6L0Pax4wDwVm5UEt85AKZY4KO1ZbSQ0qAXAlxkOIq3gmwcJ8fFW3H2PBij1HqQGEg-1A1i2hBOHgt41SuVA5aY95h0P_KrQWXsmjo7Wg36SbObdd2-JxIojoILdG9t7cJmzNojwVVuaEN8XDUSF5Ib30LauAw/w400-h270/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.47.21%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Within any of these collectives, there are two types of things. The term <b>biotic</b> refers to all living factors; all of the things that are alive or were once alive. The term <b>abiotic</b> refers to all non-living factors, such as the physical features of an area.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, if we were to view it more fully, it would look something like the illustration below:</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEWDoPkT--GocpsjM6JEtEpqxFfEBbYHL-_bAdkR_UZzMVkI1fE4j9uh_6Bh009zwmITQ48V5WiwyEVCroLitWa8laedglx75-lMgRxmyE2xNg2x_604CgOXoy6_BACsbFeY__iHRaarMUeT-5ViFB3BoBNCbAlveJGOf9woKRpIC6STeTAxRikMlN7Q/s1013/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.48.50%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="1013" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEWDoPkT--GocpsjM6JEtEpqxFfEBbYHL-_bAdkR_UZzMVkI1fE4j9uh_6Bh009zwmITQ48V5WiwyEVCroLitWa8laedglx75-lMgRxmyE2xNg2x_604CgOXoy6_BACsbFeY__iHRaarMUeT-5ViFB3BoBNCbAlveJGOf9woKRpIC6STeTAxRikMlN7Q/w640-h466/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.48.50%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Now, within an ecosystem, there are different types of organisms. From bacteria up to apex predators, there are many different organisms… from all of the kingdoms… but we will most readily see and identify plants and animals.</div><div><br /></div><div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRYw2WqW0_JZoIcbkDRHbV13UaFkA2p8ugDO_qc807ev6RCRWiAFzgZZHjjFrPU8_Vqcmp1xF5nZ0b3g4pWOgHuKA5objmiWBNqTKwDCRN5IYlN6mhYazY9P8aUkLID4mQp23qLb3vJfoYZFj6VHfdXJi85_fB-MLpOVVSJe6hVyiVLSAayEtPYjTSfg/s671/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.52.28%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="501" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRYw2WqW0_JZoIcbkDRHbV13UaFkA2p8ugDO_qc807ev6RCRWiAFzgZZHjjFrPU8_Vqcmp1xF5nZ0b3g4pWOgHuKA5objmiWBNqTKwDCRN5IYlN6mhYazY9P8aUkLID4mQp23qLb3vJfoYZFj6VHfdXJi85_fB-MLpOVVSJe6hVyiVLSAayEtPYjTSfg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.52.28%20AM.png" width="239" /></a></div></b></div><div><b>Organisms of a species can either be autotrophs or heterotrophs.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>These words are not new to this conversation. We have talked about these concepts in previous articles.</div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Autotrophs</span></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Autotrophs</b> are organisms that can capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce their own food. Autotrophs are also called <b>producers</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Naturally, we will think of plants as being autotrophs. They use photosynthesis to produce their own food!</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8gKp3JOuQhfQbgAOF3ohj3ob3qV4elNRRakB_UPAq42M7wtHeDcAwTFpkefl9T8nwYO8iuGtCR9OrZLA5u2UJmPTYaxzgH7FXxrt3XR44E3M-idKadbjNJ0rSi9kQv32uBZm0RDpqiwc8EQjoFgwrStj-pzFz5Mbm5MiR16z86ZilAM4y3P1Mqv7tA/s685/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.54.41%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="685" data-original-width="416" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8gKp3JOuQhfQbgAOF3ohj3ob3qV4elNRRakB_UPAq42M7wtHeDcAwTFpkefl9T8nwYO8iuGtCR9OrZLA5u2UJmPTYaxzgH7FXxrt3XR44E3M-idKadbjNJ0rSi9kQv32uBZm0RDpqiwc8EQjoFgwrStj-pzFz5Mbm5MiR16z86ZilAM4y3P1Mqv7tA/w121-h200/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.54.41%20AM.png" width="121" /></a><b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div></b><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Heterotrophs</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><b><br />Heterotrophs</b> are organisms that must get their food from an outside source. Heterotrophs are also called <b>consumers</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>There are several kinds of heterotrophs.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Herbivores, </b>such as cows and rabbits.<b> </b>are heterotrophs that only eat plants</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><i>Or giraffes. </i></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ZBnCNubND1fFRubj2r36E6FXKaTkrzaqAJ-o8wFFXaztgQVXj0010630e5PsvpIiL74rmL11YWqtfKfIxczeSdBZK7nyjazLS9TfxQtn0JGHuWY1O0EXibDrv4Jg1K6tEBI4d4Ochnb6hY7lSSlzL-IzVYzS7LExY0m2-NhhF8fQvD6mlkGXY7UhxQ/s720/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.56.18%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="720" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ZBnCNubND1fFRubj2r36E6FXKaTkrzaqAJ-o8wFFXaztgQVXj0010630e5PsvpIiL74rmL11YWqtfKfIxczeSdBZK7nyjazLS9TfxQtn0JGHuWY1O0EXibDrv4Jg1K6tEBI4d4Ochnb6hY7lSSlzL-IzVYzS7LExY0m2-NhhF8fQvD6mlkGXY7UhxQ/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.56.18%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Carnivores</b>, such as lions, snakes, and owls, are heterotrophs that only eat animals.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMNztoqF4v8h6G6K5Rw0k45I7p-mVFTPzNuG7AIk20dGII_TI62tkfl22YKPxU6YOh2WMPs1PiZ3GIvWS27emcQ40Baz8k88dvbdL9cuTZ9ppiZ_3qToD02Ck_VU8OIsrpG3InSWaQC6elsDR7zuhM-niafgC3VTkR6wqkIoHbE1rZf_M7qUoHIhPN7g/s721/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.59.05%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="721" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMNztoqF4v8h6G6K5Rw0k45I7p-mVFTPzNuG7AIk20dGII_TI62tkfl22YKPxU6YOh2WMPs1PiZ3GIvWS27emcQ40Baz8k88dvbdL9cuTZ9ppiZ_3qToD02Ck_VU8OIsrpG3InSWaQC6elsDR7zuhM-niafgC3VTkR6wqkIoHbE1rZf_M7qUoHIhPN7g/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%206.59.05%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><b>Omnivores</b>, such as bears, crows, and many humans, are heterotrophs that eat both plants and animals.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo4sqUn2oan_l1kFZfqzQrDuLDArKaLrPyc36VpmuPnmC1fe63Mx2mMkAj_WoI4YhorSbp6RG64eBYaglDAMJJktzQrMZf9l5j8MgPoRaGnMEjxDfIDEoOsJ4qwzCtMztgrbToIl9tAyIJt6Sf4Wk4vC2WG1oGnXBPoVz7-AJemG3Pyim89wQ4duR3wA/s738/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.00.23%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="738" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo4sqUn2oan_l1kFZfqzQrDuLDArKaLrPyc36VpmuPnmC1fe63Mx2mMkAj_WoI4YhorSbp6RG64eBYaglDAMJJktzQrMZf9l5j8MgPoRaGnMEjxDfIDEoOsJ4qwzCtMztgrbToIl9tAyIJt6Sf4Wk4vC2WG1oGnXBPoVz7-AJemG3Pyim89wQ4duR3wA/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.00.23%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><b>Detritivores</b>, such as mites, earthworms, snails, and crabs, are heterotrophs that feed on dead or decaying plant and animal material.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsJpSK6asFya_7NPSEQT2H5MljCruog9IWlxNrotIRncYkhyuPe_7ettUnZI5_Obq7i5h0LWlesS7taIYaS-OYoDXp6u_q4pjIHNE-JCkUWZyvn1vWsJ2Edd7bj0Hc1-ZZ_juHOsfpNkNCvFNmeoOOoHIZiLkpu9-7nbAD3lZW2IzH1qSE1_RylLrmMA/s628/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.01.06%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="628" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsJpSK6asFya_7NPSEQT2H5MljCruog9IWlxNrotIRncYkhyuPe_7ettUnZI5_Obq7i5h0LWlesS7taIYaS-OYoDXp6u_q4pjIHNE-JCkUWZyvn1vWsJ2Edd7bj0Hc1-ZZ_juHOsfpNkNCvFNmeoOOoHIZiLkpu9-7nbAD3lZW2IzH1qSE1_RylLrmMA/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.01.06%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div>A <b>decomposer</b> is a heterotroph that breaks down organic matter. Examples of decomposers include bacteria and fungi.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnuis4V0fH8_nHpQxgtDZGHdODBOtOAL2E8BqhF_2YnhwhB1ooa7YpEkujGQc7pof6h8lXYo5qMWrYEHlEyM2YFWxRnACCtuwFZ7sh2fHLOH6GiBf4TCYLkmRqVAD5HqvrHv4zNmH1RdQIErj0wxHvGV2U3nhQBokFpujiGftt5HmS0ixKq4EhlYdTKg/s611/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.01.50%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="611" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnuis4V0fH8_nHpQxgtDZGHdODBOtOAL2E8BqhF_2YnhwhB1ooa7YpEkujGQc7pof6h8lXYo5qMWrYEHlEyM2YFWxRnACCtuwFZ7sh2fHLOH6GiBf4TCYLkmRqVAD5HqvrHv4zNmH1RdQIErj0wxHvGV2U3nhQBokFpujiGftt5HmS0ixKq4EhlYdTKg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.01.50%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Energy Flow Through and Ecosystem</span></b><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Life depends on energy. Within an ecosystem, there is a flow of energy, often in the form of chemical energy that is transferred from organism to organism. However, the energy in an ecosystem begins as energy from the sun!</div><div><br /></div><div>Energy comes from the sun or inorganic chemicals and goes to producers (autotrophs).</div><div><br /></div><div>From there, it goes to consumers (heterotrophs).</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi66OayEZUgMgWqmLS4Jk1mrlutQVs0lQUCpCHsgf4-ngai4CPkG8yuFId1UhA_jzXaNb00MklC-55JO6nyBF8cW74233WaHj86XQ-nz1z5XZ0kyN2RA8G-H9hDsyQXoYiRrb4Cz8r592qUNFHYYhmeoHiZQXiq5ypT612QxqdAMNTXqmPrp5-E9aEKPw/s413/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.05.18%20AM.png"><img border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="413" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi66OayEZUgMgWqmLS4Jk1mrlutQVs0lQUCpCHsgf4-ngai4CPkG8yuFId1UhA_jzXaNb00MklC-55JO6nyBF8cW74233WaHj86XQ-nz1z5XZ0kyN2RA8G-H9hDsyQXoYiRrb4Cz8r592qUNFHYYhmeoHiZQXiq5ypT612QxqdAMNTXqmPrp5-E9aEKPw/w400-h286/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.05.18%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #38761d;">Sun > Producers > Consumers</span></i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>It is important to know that energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyUwhwbwVJjMGeXCa0Px4RatU438gH-pAhEMHGGT7Q1fY2SjNMvqr-FhWManEeGG3naQ0WW0Oxjqf822LmbDyn2o47NMORSgACQkZ_NE6iMLPKRpebhBVIkQJjSyN82lXkWj3x77eDMUeCr6EOPBSQmAhEK_7pP-y-LIwoYFMP0KWzgVwDhDHfh84Fw/s696/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.06.41%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="696" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyUwhwbwVJjMGeXCa0Px4RatU438gH-pAhEMHGGT7Q1fY2SjNMvqr-FhWManEeGG3naQ0WW0Oxjqf822LmbDyn2o47NMORSgACQkZ_NE6iMLPKRpebhBVIkQJjSyN82lXkWj3x77eDMUeCr6EOPBSQmAhEK_7pP-y-LIwoYFMP0KWzgVwDhDHfh84Fw/w640-h358/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.06.41%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>We do not give energy back to the sun when we eat a salad.</div><div><br /></div><div>In other words, energy moves in one direction down a food chain or food web.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibjy0cDpz3wd0e7a499dnMcUZZfR7lnKKzjVNKDcypxEIFBMAMZk-0ru5Zed7tSYj5kCgK1C6DOZmhnLXK13L3gB7mK0gSDeJo6Gq-rxd_3EZUDS_oRAOaqkVbc2vB3WFFGT5dFytWd1DIMQGy_bMV_BA4XLZ4-LKvLNWyxFuKt7oJn3tYgoo2MQzxQQ/s676/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.07.36%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="676" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibjy0cDpz3wd0e7a499dnMcUZZfR7lnKKzjVNKDcypxEIFBMAMZk-0ru5Zed7tSYj5kCgK1C6DOZmhnLXK13L3gB7mK0gSDeJo6Gq-rxd_3EZUDS_oRAOaqkVbc2vB3WFFGT5dFytWd1DIMQGy_bMV_BA4XLZ4-LKvLNWyxFuKt7oJn3tYgoo2MQzxQQ/w640-h464/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.07.36%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj81Zif6tVN9e1P4e7_hVRaQn6oZbFrJYq0MOEqfzvTkoqRO2dBX9Zq56xwHNoNbjVgPVSPQD-K1Nlpf1fkn74XefhIuhsO2usfaMUxcaF9fNM1IVcPObnn7s_U7TSivfpKYWFXp0_ZhI5gFsdt9ceoQh557TbYeaynx0jh4kMLCx7SvAoz2BnkHe0iLw/s651/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.09.29%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="651" data-original-width="453" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj81Zif6tVN9e1P4e7_hVRaQn6oZbFrJYq0MOEqfzvTkoqRO2dBX9Zq56xwHNoNbjVgPVSPQD-K1Nlpf1fkn74XefhIuhsO2usfaMUxcaF9fNM1IVcPObnn7s_U7TSivfpKYWFXp0_ZhI5gFsdt9ceoQh557TbYeaynx0jh4kMLCx7SvAoz2BnkHe0iLw/w279-h400/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.09.29%20AM.png" width="279" /></a></div><br />Trophic levels begin with producers and move to consumers. <b>A producer can either make its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Photosynthesis is when an organism uses sunlight to make food. This requires light.</div><div><br /></div><div>Chemosynthesis is when an organism uses chemicals to make food. This does not require light.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Both types of synthesis make food.</b></div><div><br /></div><i>What type of food does it make? </i>Carbohydrates or other sugars<br /><div><br /></div><div><b>Consumers are organized based on the order they receive energy.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>The first consumers are called <b>primary consumers</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div>And… so it follows that…</div><div><br /></div><div>The second consumers are called <b>secondary</b> consumers. The third consumers are called <b>tertiary</b> consumers. The fourth consumers are called <b>quaternary</b> consumers.</div><div><br /></div><div><i><b>Notice how the 2nd trophic level is the 1st consumer.</b></i></div><div><i><b><br /></b></i></div><div><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6mOoFBNlVYvBfeSl5ZnXVA-0T0zeXx0fS9UjPehx1TtVCs1fGyARI64CWa5oll32qeLPHAWXti5QkGgFlrmKZrLc61l9mC5AzBPvJze9tawXkeiLgH8BvX7JJdZp0q1Y90vf_6pmBPHGvdd2QE8d2v26XpZtUHo-cV3IO-wyKX6g4FA_iBE9GvQCkAw/s926/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.13.38%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="692" data-original-width="926" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6mOoFBNlVYvBfeSl5ZnXVA-0T0zeXx0fS9UjPehx1TtVCs1fGyARI64CWa5oll32qeLPHAWXti5QkGgFlrmKZrLc61l9mC5AzBPvJze9tawXkeiLgH8BvX7JJdZp0q1Y90vf_6pmBPHGvdd2QE8d2v26XpZtUHo-cV3IO-wyKX6g4FA_iBE9GvQCkAw/w640-h478/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.13.38%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b></i></div><div><i><b><br /></b></i></div><div>Trophic levels are often displayed in an ecological pyramid, which is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy in each trophic level.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY0O3MAb-81_1qGHmsi0QgKg_ZMVtQpnObfaP9REIpnI2ffE6z-WtQxmnf2oHrCexXTpu0VjwMH3DkIUXnCHJ1LmSfzXOmzZiGM8jVUsWz8tFpyz39YbyjskEv4ASfsphEUK0yZbzJ7FCk2pHXNFIJ-IbzrkDWxi1JcaPqesPnN0KTL8BkWJEHhyan3w/s718/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.14.25%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="718" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY0O3MAb-81_1qGHmsi0QgKg_ZMVtQpnObfaP9REIpnI2ffE6z-WtQxmnf2oHrCexXTpu0VjwMH3DkIUXnCHJ1LmSfzXOmzZiGM8jVUsWz8tFpyz39YbyjskEv4ASfsphEUK0yZbzJ7FCk2pHXNFIJ-IbzrkDWxi1JcaPqesPnN0KTL8BkWJEHhyan3w/w640-h432/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.14.25%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>As we move up the trophic levels, the amount of energy passed on goes down. A lot.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Only 10% of energy in one trophic level can be passed on to the next level.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLYCvYhkxFdsH47WbQW7aN04Xf7so1L4gJzNmZJz1TByNvf5ddhqf5fel_uUAmMP36XWrAkzX33j4u13THTvSdx3qB2_1yeV9FH8l9Iw_G1TAFnjJ85JfHRcpQ9Ql32JzwV-rLmHAzU_csCGgWZdr3IxzQBpV8TVfYVLmyxZgqCGkxy0Ug7zS8w99cFg/s566/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.15.57%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="566" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLYCvYhkxFdsH47WbQW7aN04Xf7so1L4gJzNmZJz1TByNvf5ddhqf5fel_uUAmMP36XWrAkzX33j4u13THTvSdx3qB2_1yeV9FH8l9Iw_G1TAFnjJ85JfHRcpQ9Ql32JzwV-rLmHAzU_csCGgWZdr3IxzQBpV8TVfYVLmyxZgqCGkxy0Ug7zS8w99cFg/w400-h253/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-06%20at%207.15.57%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><b>This is because organisms use much of that energy for life processes.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-75006336323539413672022-04-04T04:27:00.006-07:002022-04-04T06:35:56.829-07:00Classification<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Identify chronological patterns of change and communicate that biological evolution is supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence that identify similarities inherited from a common ancestor (homologies). Use information about species to classify them.</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-03)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdltaSePzHQydleejqpUotiSBKHq5POMmvciYLKFwDgas7sUexth5vMjOhZnuuU_dztqu1U-MUkcNR3bxfiu6zEB-IglwTrUDUupeZ-x5eODRQw4wX3XXqdvWd4MewZLgOBNwHzLrHcOCqAmpY_FkCpin_bbgVw0z_sGIICaLZs0C7YKAvdvAFi94M1w/s1009/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%206.29.40%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="1009" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdltaSePzHQydleejqpUotiSBKHq5POMmvciYLKFwDgas7sUexth5vMjOhZnuuU_dztqu1U-MUkcNR3bxfiu6zEB-IglwTrUDUupeZ-x5eODRQw4wX3XXqdvWd4MewZLgOBNwHzLrHcOCqAmpY_FkCpin_bbgVw0z_sGIICaLZs0C7YKAvdvAFi94M1w/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%206.29.40%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div>Classification</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(This should organize things, right?!)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><br /></div><div>With so much diversity of life, there is a value in grouping things together. </div><div><br /></div><div>"Living things are all around us. You know that humans and animals are living, but what about the trees in the forest or even the microscopic organisms in a pond? Even though they appear to be very different from one another, they are all living things as well. Scientists study these differences and classify, or group together, similar living things based on their unique characteristics.</div><div><br /></div><div>Living things are classified into groups that start out large and become more specific as living things are grouped together that share similar characteristics. This makes it easy for scientists to study them. This system of classification is called taxonomy. Scientists classify living things at eight different levels: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. In order to do this, they look at characteristics, such as their appearance, reproduction, and movement, to name a few" (<a href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/classifying-living-things-lesson-for-kids.html" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>There are two main methods of classifying organisms.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Cladogram</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>A tree-like diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms is called a cladogram.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh1vy5PVpdhVN1bSQbogOCU-cpfRQdlQc7wDCl7GZyEFSLpMbHIctZTn-v7jVBmRcjyxUUqkubZ9BFqrpvLanh9k80451en_3wq3BqlKf0qq_zhH5svtwprGrv-CedJuTxHs1Zl7eygwkc3ULFnSpZqfmuTnSmUbTvIHgt4-P8ERh_4q8uv1QhqlrBvg/s781/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%206.35.31%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="781" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh1vy5PVpdhVN1bSQbogOCU-cpfRQdlQc7wDCl7GZyEFSLpMbHIctZTn-v7jVBmRcjyxUUqkubZ9BFqrpvLanh9k80451en_3wq3BqlKf0qq_zhH5svtwprGrv-CedJuTxHs1Zl7eygwkc3ULFnSpZqfmuTnSmUbTvIHgt4-P8ERh_4q8uv1QhqlrBvg/w640-h426/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%206.35.31%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />A <b>dichotomous key</b> is a step-by-step guide to identifying an organism based on certain characteristics. "A dichotomous key is an important scientific tool, used to identify different organisms, based the organism’s observable traits. Dichotomous keys consist of a series of statements with two choices in each step that will lead users to the correct identification" (<a href="https://www.nps.gov/teachers/classrooms/dichotomous-key.htm" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>).</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmokgv4cqTgCCsGUag6tMDt3ZHV7YrIa_H9OU3RyQChdXVhVMaG9zQ1SKKpC8QNpxgjzkCHxbD7PJ9ZRNrOSvhHUXHMVMYa6sTewPBDgnT45IURNVKU6bTlCThCXoj0jdGDEboyYNW1vz7pR81SxvcqyCSlG33CnuuljVqn0QaM6jtN-OIdR1Dhw2THg/s699/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%206.40.08%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="699" data-original-width="519" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmokgv4cqTgCCsGUag6tMDt3ZHV7YrIa_H9OU3RyQChdXVhVMaG9zQ1SKKpC8QNpxgjzkCHxbD7PJ9ZRNrOSvhHUXHMVMYa6sTewPBDgnT45IURNVKU6bTlCThCXoj0jdGDEboyYNW1vz7pR81SxvcqyCSlG33CnuuljVqn0QaM6jtN-OIdR1Dhw2THg/w476-h640/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%206.40.08%20AM.png" width="476" /></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />The science of classifying organisms and assigning them universally accepted names is called <b>taxonomy</b>.</div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9sOQ63DsotI9KQ1rcTYrC3NoVO2Yft6LuPc1aX82fv4VWQTPwp0w8dS0PL_hl9JkV7cGUDDKHa0LA2lpPwSxwf2UQ_jeS_uxqxKVdSB4rRApXJwRG_Q5oDgur-sxlR4qceccp6A3u_T7TfG6HhGj_FeXVUo76v6L84wxb1jm1Y9zPWrDp1sBtn2uxBA/s460/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%206.42.18%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="460" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9sOQ63DsotI9KQ1rcTYrC3NoVO2Yft6LuPc1aX82fv4VWQTPwp0w8dS0PL_hl9JkV7cGUDDKHa0LA2lpPwSxwf2UQ_jeS_uxqxKVdSB4rRApXJwRG_Q5oDgur-sxlR4qceccp6A3u_T7TfG6HhGj_FeXVUo76v6L84wxb1jm1Y9zPWrDp1sBtn2uxBA/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%206.42.18%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><div><br />A group or level of organization in taxonomy is called a <b>taxon</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div>There are 8 taxons.</div><div><br /></div><div>The taxon, "Domain" is a relatively new addition to they system.</div><div><br /></div><div>There are several mnemonics to remember the system:</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div>Do Kings Play Cards On Fine Green Spaces?</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Did King Phillip Come Over From Great Spain?</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Didn’t Know Popeyes Chicken Offered Free Gizzard Strips.</div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>We can use the taxonomy to identify closely related species.</b> The more of the taxons they share, the closer they are in relationship.</div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLJfzzlkcHs3W1JXAIOsvFbGSMCUM7iNUYZkoY2TM1PoWw5CQ4lMRWcF-s-MTkbh10OC6eazE8P4JcoJoA8jmGJ0N2LPS2Bvf3IwOXDVhHmSNF2RGZsnfT-EkER_zRROV2XfFkHhxOB5aiqDwDWw9av2sxm-__iKqDQ_Gua-XoOhHAyr6oDZMAqu877w/s831/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.07.14%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="831" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLJfzzlkcHs3W1JXAIOsvFbGSMCUM7iNUYZkoY2TM1PoWw5CQ4lMRWcF-s-MTkbh10OC6eazE8P4JcoJoA8jmGJ0N2LPS2Bvf3IwOXDVhHmSNF2RGZsnfT-EkER_zRROV2XfFkHhxOB5aiqDwDWw9av2sxm-__iKqDQ_Gua-XoOhHAyr6oDZMAqu877w/w400-h246/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.07.14%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Look at the chart to the right.</div><div><br /></div><div>Of the three species listed, which are most closely related?</div><div><br /></div><div>Cats and wolves share Kingdom, Phylum, Class, and Order. The fly, branches away at Phylum.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>A dog and a wolf would share more.</i> In fact, "for years, wolves and dogs were considered separate species: canis familiaris and canis lupus. However, more recently, scientists generally agree they are both a subspecies of canis lupus. Unlike dogs and foxes, wolves and dogs can reproduce, creating the controversial wolf-dog" (<a href="https://www.rover.com/blog/wolf-vs-dog-whats-difference" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>).</div><div><br /></div><div>Dogs and foxes would branch at the Genus level (foxes are genus Vulpes). So, dogs are closer to wolves than they are to foxes.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>At the top of the taxonomy system is the taxon <u>Domain</u>. There are three domains.</b></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><i>Eukarya</i>: has a nucleus; most common</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Archaea</i>: unicellular organisms</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Bacteria</i>: prokaryotes; rigid cell walls</div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><b>Next down the taxonomy is Kingdom. There are 6 kingdoms</b>, 4 of which fall under Domain Eukarya.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Kingdom <i>Animalia</i> consists mainly of animals. There are no cell walls or chloroplasts. This falls under Domain Eukarya.<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdMMvOyYagRSfA1Hy-BqLap-p8NphjWY755mUYEO_PnGHCvQFrj-qOfwaIzqnnZJcDpeloay9vfBBPMqo8F3uMjv9SnlFucBvnCLidcftYFIXhuf7OvUK1kx5BILV0YQm9DWTuAaEyUDUF4DVaIsZVveH0ifIgzILkxG25lh9WF7_aoiF-BD6SmMb3Kw/s729/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.18.27%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="729" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdMMvOyYagRSfA1Hy-BqLap-p8NphjWY755mUYEO_PnGHCvQFrj-qOfwaIzqnnZJcDpeloay9vfBBPMqo8F3uMjv9SnlFucBvnCLidcftYFIXhuf7OvUK1kx5BILV0YQm9DWTuAaEyUDUF4DVaIsZVveH0ifIgzILkxG25lh9WF7_aoiF-BD6SmMb3Kw/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.18.27%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Kingdom <i>Plantae</i> consists mainly of plants, mosses, ferns, etc. There are cell walls and chloroplasts. This falls under Domain Eukarya.<br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji5UDTcRL3itgpnVqUVkGWiNfRzXy-Xbs7fxrSgJeyxwIDAjoXlBGPFEDxYFLGta7X9XAc297fn08FCKJ0RF-MLwlCGZn6qyZBfneSDBz3eCysKBPELwCBZTxYxxmuDMBt7LrEnOHNtTsd6E5-caFAGNhbMrHU-ptSM3Or9-Iu__4PloG4lF447XAT3Q/s987/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.19.23%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="987" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji5UDTcRL3itgpnVqUVkGWiNfRzXy-Xbs7fxrSgJeyxwIDAjoXlBGPFEDxYFLGta7X9XAc297fn08FCKJ0RF-MLwlCGZn6qyZBfneSDBz3eCysKBPELwCBZTxYxxmuDMBt7LrEnOHNtTsd6E5-caFAGNhbMrHU-ptSM3Or9-Iu__4PloG4lF447XAT3Q/w640-h254/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.19.23%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Kingdom <i>Fungi</i> consists mainly of fungus that has cell walls made of chitin. This falls under Domain Eukarya.</div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoGNMvEl-8rsglHt0Te-t8qzM3xu_OtcQamFDeeNmQAtHseeHpIEaOxlb1Au9os99DqaZtIwzW1x2HRXlNts8P-j6jI9An5QwQMX5RoxEP735r4ep2cKE__5qIDPiFAS-Aq6t3B-jAx2co_oTpGu8G3VoNfaQH4bZyFkEbBlMHsn09_m5SkOljKYViSw/s636/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.20.19%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="636" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoGNMvEl-8rsglHt0Te-t8qzM3xu_OtcQamFDeeNmQAtHseeHpIEaOxlb1Au9os99DqaZtIwzW1x2HRXlNts8P-j6jI9An5QwQMX5RoxEP735r4ep2cKE__5qIDPiFAS-Aq6t3B-jAx2co_oTpGu8G3VoNfaQH4bZyFkEbBlMHsn09_m5SkOljKYViSw/w400-h297/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.20.19%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Kingdom <i>Protista</i> includes slime molds and giant kelp. This falls under Domain Eukarya.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAOVPT3D0uMVn0sElK-GcCEEgsirN-U23S4zYp8s-2jWoA4zhMhrRCSOL3BpBiow07bJ715b7HomshUP45Qt2Rb3cOWAuEuj2H5npWH37g7A6urDlm7-EOPYLhZd_UNf2NAOmDcgib93jE885v4ZN2_ZiDU5Q4yEDyESEmM-BdjOAoSizOeTNPyaow6A/s1013/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.21.47%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="1013" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAOVPT3D0uMVn0sElK-GcCEEgsirN-U23S4zYp8s-2jWoA4zhMhrRCSOL3BpBiow07bJ715b7HomshUP45Qt2Rb3cOWAuEuj2H5npWH37g7A6urDlm7-EOPYLhZd_UNf2NAOmDcgib93jE885v4ZN2_ZiDU5Q4yEDyESEmM-BdjOAoSizOeTNPyaow6A/w640-h260/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.21.47%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Kingdom <i>Eubacteria</i> consists mainly of bacteria and have specialized cell walls made up of peptidoglycan. These are the bacteria you commonly think of. This falls under Domain Bacteria.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrzrWh_MU6hRo2SqdnXAb9lq2wEIlkXu8VTOmqhD1hXPNe7Q0S_X-3H8Q_qvgZW1qEWspHMnjjRImJ7GL78r2ricw4xALsnFfBY9MdSdqmZrK_fPkHEbsSyIBm0zE-re8qwcO037FFcFhtXn5_6uFgbxAu07MH9zDdpPX8Zl87Xd3ijd0kc_0bEqPgBQ/s634/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.23.00%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="634" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrzrWh_MU6hRo2SqdnXAb9lq2wEIlkXu8VTOmqhD1hXPNe7Q0S_X-3H8Q_qvgZW1qEWspHMnjjRImJ7GL78r2ricw4xALsnFfBY9MdSdqmZrK_fPkHEbsSyIBm0zE-re8qwcO037FFcFhtXn5_6uFgbxAu07MH9zDdpPX8Zl87Xd3ijd0kc_0bEqPgBQ/w400-h235/Screen%20Shot%202022-04-04%20at%207.23.00%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>The main differences between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are:</b></div><div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div>1. Location (eubacteria are everywhere; archaebacteria are only in extreme conditions)</div></div><div><div><br /></div></div><div><div>2. Cell wall composition</div></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><i>So… how do we talk about a species without all those other taxons getting in the way? </i><div><br /></div><div>There is <i>a two-word naming system used for organisms is called</i> <b>binomial nomenclature</b>. It was developed by Carl Linnaeus to abbreviate precise naming.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is always written in the format <u><i>Genus species</i></u>. It is always <u><i>italicized or underlined</i></u>. The Genus is always capitalized and the species is never capitalized. Examples are <u><i>Homo sapiens</i></u> or <u><i>Hemophilus influenzae</i></u>.<br /><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><i>To sum it all up…</i></b></div><div><br /></div><div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>We need to be on the same page when classifying living things.<br /><br /></li><li>To do this, we group all living things into 8 groups (taxons).<br /><br /></li><li>These are Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.<br /><br /></li><li>To make things easier when communicating to others, you can call an organism by its genus and species.<br /><br /></li><li>This is called binomial nomenclature.<br /><br /></li><li>When doing this, you must underline the words and capitalize the genus.</li></ul></div></div><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-63195257364529364772022-03-28T04:41:00.001-07:002022-03-28T10:21:04.226-07:00Speciation<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Identify chronological patterns of change and communicate that biological evolution is supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence that identify similarities inherited from a common ancestor (homologies).</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-01)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKedH1I7To1N6XXZD3JMIrGEzbm70ecYSfjvu-KlAK3hkuhlh6RKkRWllnPq8LVyj77eczQ36ZpHYYh-AiHvMgFYiTVVmqKC7RSXJcb58oq1ktbUU0b1GxDAJnqQfwMuROZEd0Nl5IRxCG4LZfemMxvhdaKIVW607vkqBZ1zRQf1OIppPT1MzoYcieXA/s398/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-28%20at%206.24.22%20AM.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="363" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKedH1I7To1N6XXZD3JMIrGEzbm70ecYSfjvu-KlAK3hkuhlh6RKkRWllnPq8LVyj77eczQ36ZpHYYh-AiHvMgFYiTVVmqKC7RSXJcb58oq1ktbUU0b1GxDAJnqQfwMuROZEd0Nl5IRxCG4LZfemMxvhdaKIVW607vkqBZ1zRQf1OIppPT1MzoYcieXA/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-28%20at%206.24.22%20AM.png" width="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=speciation" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source, 2022-03</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Speciation</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Okay, you're making up words now!)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><b>Speciation</b><i> is the formation of a new species. It is the process by which a population evolves to become different, distinct species.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>What could be a cause of speciation? What could cause one species to become two different species?</div><div><br /></div><div>There are a variety of things which can cause speciation, but <b>reproductive</b><i> isolation in a population is one major cause of speciation.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><b>Reproductive isolation</b> <i>is the inability of a species to breed and successfully produce offspring.</i> This is a major cause of speciation because without reproduction, a species cannot survive. Instead of extinction of one species, this causes the creation of two new species that are able to successfully reproduce.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>There are 5 major types of reproductive isolation.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Behavioral Isolation</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Behavioral isolation</b> occurs when populations of the same species develop differences in courtship rituals or other types of behaviors.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Geographic Isolation</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Geographic isolation</b> occurs when populations of the same species become separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, bodies of water, etc.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMIbzDCdrLN0WTNXR9tNz0Uzhr7ahzZ7sltP9KNiH8L1gDekAd_Ldrzfkip0hhxy9E9pW3CDpEcE3TQl3x1MuPLXXngQSopYxcuel0ZJElcjT0nEjHMqsF8cV126cyf8z3KfqSrke5hRVXVQTiKETGeZx9A-qfwwMmoiQXszIk7Lkqvm3Ky4B9VcHESw/s238/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-28%20at%206.40.17%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="238" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMIbzDCdrLN0WTNXR9tNz0Uzhr7ahzZ7sltP9KNiH8L1gDekAd_Ldrzfkip0hhxy9E9pW3CDpEcE3TQl3x1MuPLXXngQSopYxcuel0ZJElcjT0nEjHMqsF8cV126cyf8z3KfqSrke5hRVXVQTiKETGeZx9A-qfwwMmoiQXszIk7Lkqvm3Ky4B9VcHESw/w400-h341/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-28%20at%206.40.17%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>This is also referred to as allopatric speciation.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikLzrVkHeAWca5nNzMlRoSUVT05m0ELg47q7prnsU24iUYAJYX6rrwJArDLd0X4_wLR5Ver6JdvOuKV3Ect6VWEJRU_PFdtj102LrMTpZKk4qcNcCx0RPoLXvh29ft1dqVhvjjgs0Bfg_rYLZMTmiMsk55BIkMfulijeP-Bul8_a39ZJIFM9D6W-1ujQ/s412/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-28%20at%206.38.41%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="412" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikLzrVkHeAWca5nNzMlRoSUVT05m0ELg47q7prnsU24iUYAJYX6rrwJArDLd0X4_wLR5Ver6JdvOuKV3Ect6VWEJRU_PFdtj102LrMTpZKk4qcNcCx0RPoLXvh29ft1dqVhvjjgs0Bfg_rYLZMTmiMsk55BIkMfulijeP-Bul8_a39ZJIFM9D6W-1ujQ/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-28%20at%206.38.41%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div>Temporal Isolation</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Temporal isolation</b> occurs when populations of the same species develop differences in the time or season that they breed.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Mechanical or Chemical Isolation</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Mechanical or chemical isolation</b> occurs when the reproductive structures or chemical barriers of species do not allow organisms to interbreed.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjxpCH48qvoDph8W3Zwoggw9HR9u1ImbnkisgzMXiFJCmEIIq7a5yO3gaq8qICG4p-j2iYToQsiNRUeYOaxRWWgotB3uMwjKRAebw_tXL3GMLpNH6Yf_2Cvip-8Hglb_6VKbTP4x0Mst5cjc3nk7hjEXW5FNBYZfyoPfijmT9jQmMFr-SFZre5G82CRg/s442/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-28%20at%206.36.21%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="442" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjxpCH48qvoDph8W3Zwoggw9HR9u1ImbnkisgzMXiFJCmEIIq7a5yO3gaq8qICG4p-j2iYToQsiNRUeYOaxRWWgotB3uMwjKRAebw_tXL3GMLpNH6Yf_2Cvip-8Hglb_6VKbTP4x0Mst5cjc3nk7hjEXW5FNBYZfyoPfijmT9jQmMFr-SFZre5G82CRg/w400-h306/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-28%20at%206.36.21%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Ecological or Habitat Isolation</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Ecological or habitat isolation</b> occurs when species that could interbreed do not because they live in different areas, even if they are within the same general ecosystem.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWMB4_9O2UBf39Ua0T91KMODoYauCPiBdUDfgt8llGSZorJzQSF9RozMq_1_kIQrCahOk3QvJmGNMayQeq4E1CAPTVYxwttWtDIJVx6XkVZFJqvAJUVojr1OqpQw7STXwi7An6fTVGVB9JlSOBbHRA5k26gG0Uazb7lTomyGz5-MdZXFN51oQPeBATtw/s467/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-28%20at%206.37.49%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="467" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWMB4_9O2UBf39Ua0T91KMODoYauCPiBdUDfgt8llGSZorJzQSF9RozMq_1_kIQrCahOk3QvJmGNMayQeq4E1CAPTVYxwttWtDIJVx6XkVZFJqvAJUVojr1OqpQw7STXwi7An6fTVGVB9JlSOBbHRA5k26gG0Uazb7lTomyGz5-MdZXFN51oQPeBATtw/w400-h198/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-28%20at%206.37.49%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>Two birds living in different environments will never meet, so they will not be able to reproduce.</div><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-19360431151407391092022-03-25T04:46:00.007-07:002022-03-28T04:18:05.216-07:00Genetic Equilibrium and the Hardy Weinberg Principle <p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Identify chronological patterns of change and communicate that biological evolution is supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence that identify similarities inherited from a common ancestor (homologies).</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-01)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Genetic Equilibrium and the Hardy Weinberg Principle </b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(This guy sounds like some stand-up comedian. Just saying…)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><b>Genetic equilibrium</b><i> is the situation in which allele frequencies remain constant through time.</i> <i>REMEMBER</i>: <i>Allele frequencies are the frequencies of alleles in a population, often expressed as a fraction, percentage, or decimal.</i></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;">So… In a population of 100 turtles if…</span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;">64 turtles are “BB”</span></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;">12 turtles are “Bb”</span></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;">24 turtles are “bb”</span></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;">Then we can figure out the frequency of <i>B</i> and <i>b</i> (which is the allele frequency). How many <i>B</i>'s are there? How many <i>b</i>'s are there?</span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;"><i>Math…</i> then, we can say that the <i>B</i> allele frequency is 70% and the <i>b</i> allele frequency is 30%.</span></div></blockquote></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><div><br />The <b>Hardy-Weinberg Principle</b> states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant under 5 conditions:</div><div><br /></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>No natural selection occurs in a population.</li><li>No migration into or out of a population (no gene flow).</li><li>No mutations happen in the gene pool of a population.</li><li>Random mating throughout the population.</li><li>Large populations of organisms to keep frequencies constant.</li></ol></div></div><div><i>That is to say that… </i></div><div><br /></div><div><b>…in a large, random-mating population that is not affected by the evolutionary processes of mutation, migration, or natural selection, allele frequencies (and genotype frequencies) will remain constant throughout time. </b></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Psst… THIS IS NOT COMMON IN REAL LIFE.</i></div><div><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAj-2t2EHm70Vu18iC5hm37XdvrJgfM7YR1JWC2EvQyn5jeRC4V2D8IFD30l9rw54gIPioDXvrrpK6MwkuTQda57M4FNQ601jSnIpFoqdshkuQITbbCHt5mXMUm6wMRzjnH96JXr6yHWzvOt3I1HrayhDMVxcgmpwyRSlzDPItTj86pxz7uZ4z5EkdCw/s599/Hartsock_Hardy_Weinberg_Example.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="291" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAj-2t2EHm70Vu18iC5hm37XdvrJgfM7YR1JWC2EvQyn5jeRC4V2D8IFD30l9rw54gIPioDXvrrpK6MwkuTQda57M4FNQ601jSnIpFoqdshkuQITbbCHt5mXMUm6wMRzjnH96JXr6yHWzvOt3I1HrayhDMVxcgmpwyRSlzDPItTj86pxz7uZ4z5EkdCw/w194-h400/Hartsock_Hardy_Weinberg_Example.png" width="194" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hartsock_Hardy_Weinberg_Example.png" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Source, 2022-03</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><div>This can be thought of as all of the parts adding up to one. All of the fractions of alleles will add up to one. Sometimes it is shown like this:</div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><b><span style="color: #990000;">Hardy-Weinberg Equations for Genetic Equilibrium</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #990000;">Where </span><span style="color: #990000;">"frequency" is expressed as a decimal representing how many there are compared to the total number and where…</span> </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div> </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><span style="color: #990000;">p = frequency of <b>dominant</b> allele (A)</span></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><span style="color: #990000;">q = frequency of <b>recessive</b> allele (a) </span> </div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div> </div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><span style="color: #990000;">then…</span> </div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">p + q = 1</span> </div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">and further…</span></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #990000;">p<sup>2</sup> + 2pq + q<sup>2</sup> = 1</span></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">will also be true so that…</span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><span style="color: #990000;">2pq = frequency of heterozygous organisms (Aa)</span></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;">p<sup>2</sup> = frequency of homozygous dominant organisms (AA)</span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="color: #990000;">q<sup>2</sup> = frequency of homozygous recessive organisms (aa) </span></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div> </div></div></blockquote><div><b>______________________</b></div><div><b>Example:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is <span style="color: #2b00fe;">36%</span>. Find the allele frequency and the genotype frequency for the population.</div><div><br /></div><div>Given that <span style="color: #2b00fe;">36%</span> are homozygous recessive…</div><div>That means that </div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">q</span><sup><span style="color: #990000;">2</span> </sup>= <span style="color: #2b00fe;">36%</span> = <span style="color: #990000;">.36</span></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>Which means that <span style="color: #b45f06;">q = .6</span></div><div><br /></div><div>We can then solve for p…</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div>p + q = 1</div><div>p + <span style="color: #b45f06;">.6</span> = 1</div><div>p = 1 = <span style="color: #bf9000;">.6</span></div><div><span style="color: #38761d;">p = .4</span></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><i>So… if p = <span style="color: #38761d;">.4</span> then…</i></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">p<sup>2 </sup>= .16</span></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>Now, we can find the heterozygous frequency; it is equal to 2pq</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div>2pq = 2 • <span style="color: #38761d;">.4</span> • <span style="color: #b45f06;">.6</span></div><div><span style="color: #741b47;">2pq = .48</span></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><i>We can check that… </i></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div>p<sup>2</sup> + 2pq + q<sup>2</sup> = 1 </div><div><span style="color: #0b5394;">.16 </span>+ <span style="color: #741b47;">.48</span> + <span style="color: #990000;">36</span> = 1</div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>Now, we can put that into words… </div><div><br /></div><div>The frequency of the "a" allele is <span style="color: #b45f06;">.6</span>.</div><div>The frequency of the "A" allele .<span style="color: #38761d;">4</span>.</div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>(These add to 1)</i></div></blockquote></div></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>The frequency of the genotype "aa" is <span style="color: #990000;">.36</span>. <-- this was given</div><div>The frequencies of the genotype "AA" <span style="color: #0b5394;">.16</span>.</div><div>The frequencies of the genotype "Aa" is <span style="color: #741b47;">.48</span>.</div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>(These add to 1)</i></div></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>______________________</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Why Does This Matter?</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>This principle provides a baseline to compare actual populations to.<br /><br /></li><li> Step 1: Find allele frequencies in year 1<br /><br /></li><li> Step 2: Find allele frequencies in year 5<br /><br /></li><ul><li>If a population is in genetic equilibrium, then the allele frequencies from Year 1 would equal Year 5. If Year 5 shows different allele frequencies, then we know that genetic drift is happening, and we can find out how much a population has changed.<br /><br /></li><li>With this information, we can see how quickly a population is changing.</li></ul></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">In essence, this process allows a means to demonstrate genetic drift within a given population, which indicates that something is changing. <b>Microevolution can be, therefore, measured and described in terms of changes in the present allele frequencies.</b></div><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-36277887972253764252022-03-23T05:01:00.004-07:002022-03-25T04:28:12.799-07:00Chronological Patterns of Change<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Identify chronological patterns of change and communicate that biological evolution is supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence that identify similarities inherited from a common ancestor (homologies).</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-01)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Chronological Patterns of Change</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(We should put some time into this!)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><b>When a mutation leads to a favorable gene that gives one an advantage, it is called an adaptation.</b> When adaptations survive and reproduce in a population, it is referred to as natural selection. Natural selection can drastically change the phenotypes of an animal given enough time.</div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><b>Remember that a phenotype is the physical expression of the genetic code.</b> The phenotype is what is seen, whereas the genotype is the genes that are present.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><b>There are 3 main ways phenotypes can change via natural selection.</b> They are all caused by environmental pressures that would make a certain phenotype unfavorable.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><i>Favorable Traits</i></b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Before we look at these types, we need to get an understanding of a biology concept: being favored.</span></div><div><br /></div><div>A <b>favorable trait or behavior </b><i>is one that increases an organism's fitness; it helps the organism live, thrive, survive, and reproduce.</i> Favored traits are the ones that most readily lead to the survival of an organism.</div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Stabilizing Selection</b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Stabilizing selection is a type of natural selection where the population average favors intermediate values for a trait.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimLUY2gG92EJ1VsiLEJzfDe_6PWoge2KMJaq6b5o2WdtQdX1z_ngjFFXvW2mLfCsuHtimQ0ykgQg3wFgSQyT28_Vw2MQ3NYKzK2crltUqaY1fYqVjdrkOajzpFqri_fyrr5TOS-xOCnd6xI5gMAj5FiaYibcyQ_NtxO10XkDhIZcBPeyAafw1pKt9-lw/s990/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%206.58.12%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="990" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimLUY2gG92EJ1VsiLEJzfDe_6PWoge2KMJaq6b5o2WdtQdX1z_ngjFFXvW2mLfCsuHtimQ0ykgQg3wFgSQyT28_Vw2MQ3NYKzK2crltUqaY1fYqVjdrkOajzpFqri_fyrr5TOS-xOCnd6xI5gMAj5FiaYibcyQ_NtxO10XkDhIZcBPeyAafw1pKt9-lw/w640-h338/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%206.58.12%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Directional Selection</b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Directional selection is a type of natural selection where the population average favors one extreme value over another for a trait.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB1spfI26jmDhHDuad0fxe79KLZmuoOfbnLiCE_Te-kZ5-iHjLZwULflDynO7PO-EkdbCvyYwcHPvTGXFlNkLPtk7FlOc507wHDxtv8MgTY6EK-D3nS_94yO_r6SK2YTui5VE6wl_njR_xoZC9eU7kAxUJTnEiimvdFv93bDmLI4ZkIfrQPZYmRCrd4A/s993/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.00.15%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="993" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB1spfI26jmDhHDuad0fxe79KLZmuoOfbnLiCE_Te-kZ5-iHjLZwULflDynO7PO-EkdbCvyYwcHPvTGXFlNkLPtk7FlOc507wHDxtv8MgTY6EK-D3nS_94yO_r6SK2YTui5VE6wl_njR_xoZC9eU7kAxUJTnEiimvdFv93bDmLI4ZkIfrQPZYmRCrd4A/w640-h302/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.00.15%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Disruptive Selection</b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Disruptive selection is a type of natural selection where the population average favors both extreme values for a trait.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBnQSjG_YG4F_vbFzzPlWEpjJMwxEMc4vnyJBf1Tj-MLyqHRzaPOcmxLikd-cQv5uE0lJxgixbGD1tsItbsULA151WroVFxolNnqn9PqoY7-sYaIzrjlrRl_U0t0fkts-VpyABJBiJAobMN_ErOUIIhqQZbyicpby6qeK1Kd_AheZjSJDb-rQq5mNSyg/s982/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.21.43%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="982" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBnQSjG_YG4F_vbFzzPlWEpjJMwxEMc4vnyJBf1Tj-MLyqHRzaPOcmxLikd-cQv5uE0lJxgixbGD1tsItbsULA151WroVFxolNnqn9PqoY7-sYaIzrjlrRl_U0t0fkts-VpyABJBiJAobMN_ErOUIIhqQZbyicpby6qeK1Kd_AheZjSJDb-rQq5mNSyg/w640-h330/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.21.43%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>So, any of the three patterns can be present and they all can lead to certain phenotypes being preferred—that is to say that the environmental pressure will prevent some specific phenotypes from being passed on while other phenotypes will be removed from the population.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkaDFjla5sI8uvpDE8YNMSThPBsWun42mBuiLFpQa9kZ2GsqPXk-6vXNQRh51oPzf2aBrgUclU74rCuhkODinyBujXN-9nvkgVk8lvU5RznqXrDyAK7l41pgDPxlbdD5MmyMDkjDdrPj1TVhVIYLH_nrpi_TPllJLz32KO5pRmv546YqHxtF-nPi2ZBg/s992/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.25.31%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="708" data-original-width="992" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkaDFjla5sI8uvpDE8YNMSThPBsWun42mBuiLFpQa9kZ2GsqPXk-6vXNQRh51oPzf2aBrgUclU74rCuhkODinyBujXN-9nvkgVk8lvU5RznqXrDyAK7l41pgDPxlbdD5MmyMDkjDdrPj1TVhVIYLH_nrpi_TPllJLz32KO5pRmv546YqHxtF-nPi2ZBg/w640-h456/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.25.31%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div>Those three patterns are one way that phenotypes can shift over time. <div><br /></div><div>If a gene is changed, the allele frequencies of that population also change.<b> Allele frequency is a measure of how often a certain allele appears in a population.</b><br /><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8-n1scA_o9QC_nBzIfOoplhqsEhBezdF51a0obVccBf5tzs21KMnV3uSFhzYWMzwCSIUZ061dlTuT2Frazn11msG_TmoSfGl6uQbiQXZJyo1kKN_DG-n5wOfKvfdFOWaFfPxmW5VSQFzMj6sNKmKcLVeynW2QRZ3lvAig0Z5RLqtr8zUF8rtyOV2t_A/s430/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.29.36%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="179" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8-n1scA_o9QC_nBzIfOoplhqsEhBezdF51a0obVccBf5tzs21KMnV3uSFhzYWMzwCSIUZ061dlTuT2Frazn11msG_TmoSfGl6uQbiQXZJyo1kKN_DG-n5wOfKvfdFOWaFfPxmW5VSQFzMj6sNKmKcLVeynW2QRZ3lvAig0Z5RLqtr8zUF8rtyOV2t_A/w106-h254/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.29.36%20AM.png" width="106" /></a></div>How many alleles do you have for each gene? You will recall that everyone has two allele for any give trait, and they can be the same or different. </div><div><br /></div><div><i>When both genes are the same, the trait is said to be <b>homozygous</b>. When they are different, then it is <b>heterozygous</b>.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>If all rabbits in a population are heterozygous, the “G” allele frequency is 50% and the “g” allele frequency is 50%.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>If a mutation causes a gene to change, then alleles will also change randomly.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>A random change in allele frequency is called genetic drift.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>This is much easier to see in smaller populations.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitbDjiUeZ4eKuWyGJxL8J3eF0wlXPhAR1gAodSCKCQWayF3SPwuu4_d77COfNmEMPk64862loA4chqBEBLbekiUY19Vc62tHafk3L2GbKbP1d-v5AWUCsHooBl5QSIbSYeAjqxMXRDxVaY4WGxlU25cMkUTDFwLkYaqZrhi3OzGuyANDlUL6kIGCUK4Q/s538/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.30.58%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="538" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitbDjiUeZ4eKuWyGJxL8J3eF0wlXPhAR1gAodSCKCQWayF3SPwuu4_d77COfNmEMPk64862loA4chqBEBLbekiUY19Vc62tHafk3L2GbKbP1d-v5AWUCsHooBl5QSIbSYeAjqxMXRDxVaY4WGxlU25cMkUTDFwLkYaqZrhi3OzGuyANDlUL6kIGCUK4Q/w400-h371/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.30.58%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Genetic Drift</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>There are two types of genetic drift events:</div><div><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Founder Effect</li><li>Bottleneck Effect</li></ul></div></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Founder Effect</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>The Founder Effect is a situation where allele frequencies change due to the migration of a small subgroup into a population.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXdiZAh9H_olsHNe0U5ATPAq5Ute1D0l2unoXfTEyhZrTsP4LFEI526lqk3y_gIfMbHTqk4SyiJfS5SQJvEB28MsPyi2vWH_vy6DPV4XzzJwmEx3YL12iecwUcCfEDvv5O5y1uoF4FwdMDodhC7bHPzG7diEcb7XQsQSS16StgQcYwlz6n7kvduByvRA/s583/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.32.59%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="444" data-original-width="583" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXdiZAh9H_olsHNe0U5ATPAq5Ute1D0l2unoXfTEyhZrTsP4LFEI526lqk3y_gIfMbHTqk4SyiJfS5SQJvEB28MsPyi2vWH_vy6DPV4XzzJwmEx3YL12iecwUcCfEDvv5O5y1uoF4FwdMDodhC7bHPzG7diEcb7XQsQSS16StgQcYwlz6n7kvduByvRA/w400-h305/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.32.59%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuyXrToXFLmhL1zDxU9IURPwEsVSs1j7O1zMSiyS4QnY0AQK9ZJGvorWLrPkbizs_PXPSqJBhwsarYQWNDNbMMJSiMzN10jE8NLQYJtp3gglAbf3-353tM22yhg7KJcYsYHNbGO8ocL0y6-_F0TbnQaei3amxDQWv4bDvwph7pWa-QRvA-2GWunmwiEA/s924/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.33.51%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="924" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuyXrToXFLmhL1zDxU9IURPwEsVSs1j7O1zMSiyS4QnY0AQK9ZJGvorWLrPkbizs_PXPSqJBhwsarYQWNDNbMMJSiMzN10jE8NLQYJtp3gglAbf3-353tM22yhg7KJcYsYHNbGO8ocL0y6-_F0TbnQaei3amxDQWv4bDvwph7pWa-QRvA-2GWunmwiEA/w400-h260/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.33.51%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Bottleneck Effect</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>The Bottleneck Effect is a situation where there is some sort of disaster that reduces a population to a very small amount.</div><div><br /></div><div>This typically reduces genetic variation.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_P-NPYyil6haAOIx-w_y1gS-UEJFnMfLwc1FInuq5E9I8LSiXO-svAAPF8v4dl9mxn-Ceso-SPAY3wcjJDEVTRQaMZyGmN7BR9G7RT8cFUJmquN9ysTlwPNZaWUPegZKUT_W92kKYSqWHjJQK2MuzAttm7PZ37VqNZefOVfp-ed61rkHavJG7BThMAg/s924/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.35.08%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="924" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_P-NPYyil6haAOIx-w_y1gS-UEJFnMfLwc1FInuq5E9I8LSiXO-svAAPF8v4dl9mxn-Ceso-SPAY3wcjJDEVTRQaMZyGmN7BR9G7RT8cFUJmquN9ysTlwPNZaWUPegZKUT_W92kKYSqWHjJQK2MuzAttm7PZ37VqNZefOVfp-ed61rkHavJG7BThMAg/w640-h272/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-23%20at%207.35.08%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-3406690455112843852022-03-22T04:22:00.013-07:002022-03-24T07:56:07.410-07:00Introducing Evolution of Populations and Biodiversity <p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Identify chronological patterns of change and communicate that biological evolution is supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence that identify similarities inherited from a common ancestor (homologies).</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-01)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Introducing Evolution of Populations and Biodiversity </b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(This could be different!)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><span>If you look around, even within an urban environment, you will see a huge number of different plants, and animals. Insects, alone account for bazillions of different species… But… well… you probably know that already.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>This article will look at theories that provide some insight into how so much diversity might have come to be. It will look at patterns of change over time and attempt to put that into a biological framework.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><b>Leading into the discussion, it would be helpful to introduce a few concepts.</b> </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><b><i>Species</i></b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>First is the species. A <b>species</b>, in biology,<i> is a classification comprising related organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding </i>(<a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/species-taxon" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source 2020-03</span></a>)<i>.</i> <b>Genetically, they share DNA configuration and can reproduce.</b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">It is notable that some interspecies breeding is possible (<i>hybridization</i>), but usually results in offspring that are not capable of breeding. However, there are exceptions (e.g. ligers).</span></div><div><span> </span></div><div><span><b><i>Population</i></b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Additionally, it is helpful to understand the idea of a biological population. In simple terms, <b>population</b> <i>refers to a particular group within a species that can be easily identified apart from other members of the same species</i><b>.</b> Sparrows that live in Minnesota might (because of climate) be considered a different population as compared to sparrows that live in Florida.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><b><i>Specimen</i></b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div>Within any population are the individual members. It is not uncommon to talk about a particular specimen within a population. <b>Specimen</b> <i>refers to any single member of a population. </i></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><b><i>Sample</i></b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>While we are at it, let's just get this out of the way, too!</i></span></div><div><br /></div><div><b>A sample</b> <i>is a selection of some number of specimen from a population.</i> A naturalist might take a sample of 10 specimen from that population of sparrows that live in Florida and compare them to a sample of 10 specimen from that population of sparrows that live in Minnesota!</div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Two Types of Evolution: Macro and Micro</b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8aU-ilxGjVLX8opZ0bjEcPapZIqIGViveQWDfFp5bmR6rVm8nN90Wxgtx_dimj7s_Ba68dm1p52Sz4hpakND-r-_aAt7VihNt22_xJ0WqYqr8rDd6VZAo3o4EBwFi38EY5mT6BALwWr2y-xEkcOHbFn0bCH7wxykhHOvX3R5YNX98GolSk4UHA2Na0A/s457/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%206.29.33%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="457" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8aU-ilxGjVLX8opZ0bjEcPapZIqIGViveQWDfFp5bmR6rVm8nN90Wxgtx_dimj7s_Ba68dm1p52Sz4hpakND-r-_aAt7VihNt22_xJ0WqYqr8rDd6VZAo3o4EBwFi38EY5mT6BALwWr2y-xEkcOHbFn0bCH7wxykhHOvX3R5YNX98GolSk4UHA2Na0A/w296-h211/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%206.29.33%20AM.png" width="296" /></a><span>Evolution (of species) can be viewed through two distinct lenses. The first is microevolution.</span></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span><b style="font-weight: bold;">Microevolution</b> <i>is characterized by small-scale changes in a population that lead to favorable traits being reproduced. </i><b>This is similar to the effect of favorable adaptations.</b></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Microevolution can take place over the course of a few years in organisms that reproduce quickly.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>There are many examples of microevolution such as:</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span>Antibiotic-resistant bacteria </span></li><li><span>New strains of viruses (e.g. Flu, COVID)</span></li><li>Larger bodies of male sparrows in colder climates <span style="font-size: xx-small;">(<a href="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/examples-of-microevolution" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>)</span>.</li><li>Pesticide resistant insects <span style="font-size: xx-small;">(<a href="https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-life-science-2.0/section/4.7/primary/lesson/microevolution-and-macroevolution-ms-ls/" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>)</span>.</li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Microevolution refers to evolutionary changes within a species (or a single population of a species) over a relatively short period of time. </b>The changes often only affect a single trait in the population, or a small group of genes (<a href="https://sciencing.com/microevolution-definition-process-micro-vs-macro-examples-13719182.html" target="_blank">Source, 2022-03</a>).</div><div><br /></div><div>In many cases, the species will adapt to changes around it. Natural selection plays a role in this; the traits and behaviors that lead to higher levels of fitness are passed on. Traits and behaviors that decrease fitness eventually are far less prevalent if they exist in the population at all.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>It is important to understand that microevolution refers to changes of traits and behaviors within a species that remains the <u>same</u> species. </b></div><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg0LSStyMMH5Bk9pIC0anZ-hLyv6-fRZU9tAdGz7PWmwwjyJsHXHN7yKr2xTbwJqRCv1sZKJtH78sMqXPBj7fVZPHwEIW4CJEXvvDBFN6rfEKqWabpefZHTZ42PgaFyrCKVxbNZ50JK5LHJq-OVYaTSygdGiNjZJDQs5alh0C1ZA2nWEjzHKmrpnx1pg/s509/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%206.52.20%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="509" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg0LSStyMMH5Bk9pIC0anZ-hLyv6-fRZU9tAdGz7PWmwwjyJsHXHN7yKr2xTbwJqRCv1sZKJtH78sMqXPBj7fVZPHwEIW4CJEXvvDBFN6rfEKqWabpefZHTZ42PgaFyrCKVxbNZ50JK5LHJq-OVYaTSygdGiNjZJDQs5alh0C1ZA2nWEjzHKmrpnx1pg/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%206.52.20%20AM.png" width="320" /></a><b>Macroevolution</b><i>, on the other hand is the large-scale evolutionary changes that happen over a long period of time, and often results in either creating or destroying a species.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: left;">The end result of macroevolution is that a particular species of something either ceases to exist (extinction) or shifts genetically into one or more new, different species. <b>If macroevolution occurs, it results in there being <u>different</u> species.</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Both types of evolution occur amongst populations of organisms.</b></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Patterns in Macroevolution</span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">There are 6 patterns of macroevolution.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Extinction</li><li>Adaptive radiation</li><li>Convergent evolution</li><li>Coevolution</li><li>Punctuated equilibrium</li><li>Changes in developmental genes</li></ol><div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Extinction</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Extinction</b> is the state of a species being completely gone.</div><div><br /></div><div>Many species in the 21st Century are on the verge of extinction due to factors such as loss of habitat or human harvesting. These species are considered to be <u>endangered</u>.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhie-UHokT9ltYIymwmGRg89eICQz06AwWRZtpWPGirg3TvZwW6lUoFrMS__ReCpArstwNQaVeTe5AwpZT90RryKd423knYnlhEliPx_Kmd32g3fkRIs8QcMeOy8zBo09XmeTxA389wrx-t2r4YF8pd752yIzgG04DXzJpl15JDZYbKh_Ah69utAjKi2w/s983/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.01.01%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="983" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhie-UHokT9ltYIymwmGRg89eICQz06AwWRZtpWPGirg3TvZwW6lUoFrMS__ReCpArstwNQaVeTe5AwpZT90RryKd423knYnlhEliPx_Kmd32g3fkRIs8QcMeOy8zBo09XmeTxA389wrx-t2r4YF8pd752yIzgG04DXzJpl15JDZYbKh_Ah69utAjKi2w/w640-h210/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.01.01%20AM.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><b>Endangered</b> <i>species are those that are at risk of becoming extinct.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>History has witnessed the extinction of numerous species including the wooly mammoth and the dodo bird.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYCBFbpUttXe_upywYuyVTaGfGykCiBfVXuu81qubM9zCELFZ7RMWqZdy7dw4Kws580-gpCO-bl5kg9G9YlcbpEExL21qfQL2E6RmtRd1hIwjcleeImziwM55wqv2ZSQckxiU2Z3dTPzBI8VMixCv4oz57-Btu_HldMPug-MkvA7Odf8YdND2wioZDag/s483/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.32.13%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="483" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYCBFbpUttXe_upywYuyVTaGfGykCiBfVXuu81qubM9zCELFZ7RMWqZdy7dw4Kws580-gpCO-bl5kg9G9YlcbpEExL21qfQL2E6RmtRd1hIwjcleeImziwM55wqv2ZSQckxiU2Z3dTPzBI8VMixCv4oz57-Btu_HldMPug-MkvA7Odf8YdND2wioZDag/w232-h215/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.32.13%20AM.png" width="232" /></a></div><br />Adaptive radiation</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Adaptive radiation</b> <i>is the process of a single species evolving into several new species that live in different ways.</i> This is what Darwin claimed happened among finches on the Galapagos Islands.</div><div><br /></div><div>This is typically a result of minor adaptations.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Convergent evolution</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Convergent evolution</b> <i>is the process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble one another.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>This commonly happens through adaptations that appear in response to environmental conditions (analogous structures).</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVACSxm_yBjaqOAwdYx1hm3ZV5Hnkf0K59w4liDGszU6bkuj5mP-gXHFMS-KbNs4WV059ShcVsRedhYULX5TnTr_CuuhgvBHc3qefnSnsfKOREprlFWYUUOEWA5igda1C5IxUjcGD3ahokMbCXfCUwpk2iT-y6EvxfDhqosbu8577Cj_SH49BTLW-M_w/s587/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.34.26%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="587" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVACSxm_yBjaqOAwdYx1hm3ZV5Hnkf0K59w4liDGszU6bkuj5mP-gXHFMS-KbNs4WV059ShcVsRedhYULX5TnTr_CuuhgvBHc3qefnSnsfKOREprlFWYUUOEWA5igda1C5IxUjcGD3ahokMbCXfCUwpk2iT-y6EvxfDhqosbu8577Cj_SH49BTLW-M_w/w400-h214/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.34.26%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>Converge means to come together. In dolphin and sharks, both adapted to have slender bodies so they could glide through the water easily.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Onf-qR38EMKSFluZ7hrsEdCCETH_w0JehHecBrFISqLuf2FUppMHE__lyFdaS7mWPZDivafI9bPQNFd5GdRg2BGxXxHDxfCRJYA1-MsC1UvGOecW0_7TkJy8gHylIoubCngQpDrH1JRgKBB_hD28uiDlTEdBtrjDW7lSpT0RdTuarj5coHv8hJkCow/s956/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.39.21%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="956" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Onf-qR38EMKSFluZ7hrsEdCCETH_w0JehHecBrFISqLuf2FUppMHE__lyFdaS7mWPZDivafI9bPQNFd5GdRg2BGxXxHDxfCRJYA1-MsC1UvGOecW0_7TkJy8gHylIoubCngQpDrH1JRgKBB_hD28uiDlTEdBtrjDW7lSpT0RdTuarj5coHv8hJkCow/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.39.21%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Contra to convergent evolution is a concept called <b>divergent evolution</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Divergent evolution</b> <i>is the process where related species from a common ancestor gain differences resulting in a new species.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>Diverge means to spread apart.</div><div><br /></div><div>Divergent evolution and adaptive radiation are very similar.</div><div><br /></div><div>Adaptive radiation is a <u>smaller-scale model</u> of macroevolution that revolves around adaptations. Even though the result is new species, those new species are still relatively similar (Darwin’s finches).</div><div><br /></div><div>Divergent evolution is <u>a larger-scale model</u> of macroevolution that happens over hundreds of years. The result is several new species that really aren’t very similar (tiger, cow, giraffe)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Coevolution</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Coevolution</b> <i>is the process where two species evolve in response to changes in each other.</i></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSXjWJbQngodfej52moHCRTLW0mHf16rIOdYAihHhVPYdqYPdBW17nMVdQu18sXFN2aSqYWPUNvu3ZmlqAJOwltJ0lue6M___oGvGYEQpCooSiETY3DTEODS2uD5sjLbAetB_IXa1Ac_SZ9xmlXntLzehLCnEz4MgTQpSf5jBWVAVlA4P4gXWybJX7jg/s509/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.46.07%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="509" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSXjWJbQngodfej52moHCRTLW0mHf16rIOdYAihHhVPYdqYPdBW17nMVdQu18sXFN2aSqYWPUNvu3ZmlqAJOwltJ0lue6M___oGvGYEQpCooSiETY3DTEODS2uD5sjLbAetB_IXa1Ac_SZ9xmlXntLzehLCnEz4MgTQpSf5jBWVAVlA4P4gXWybJX7jg/w400-h304/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.46.07%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Most predator/prey relationships result in coevolution.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMlMmBtYElCLj6L_BWpR_qRqD439BxWwTX197qE1Vx1jvBxccmOojD7T5wWhRKZulj1MoXDNnpAbtoIXzyJ8XutN-7NozuvNlxySrLThiG9ZOP33D1gZChtnSwYv3gyVxm33uwmN5eGrY8Jrue1zrMYiqZHJZMFyi052MWY7EsM4Ax9X0xMs7FRexhSg/s993/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.47.20%20AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="993" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMlMmBtYElCLj6L_BWpR_qRqD439BxWwTX197qE1Vx1jvBxccmOojD7T5wWhRKZulj1MoXDNnpAbtoIXzyJ8XutN-7NozuvNlxySrLThiG9ZOP33D1gZChtnSwYv3gyVxm33uwmN5eGrY8Jrue1zrMYiqZHJZMFyi052MWY7EsM4Ax9X0xMs7FRexhSg/w400-h156/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.47.20%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Example of coevolution…</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Punctuated equilibrium</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>This is more of a model of macroevolution that attempts to describe how it happens.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Punctuated equilibrium </b><i>is the idea that evolution has isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Graduated equilibrium</b> <i>is the idea that evolution proceeds through slow, gradual changes.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghGEFNrrJCd9a0PKBGAMknm271waxeRYkGnGbA9UPpfjTcTKqdPuVJrwessFUvChDItCZPEj1xTLB7Maltyvo4y_ECe1MX3iTQ6cSwm-EBJvIxDr65JKZaha_a8TvVQPnqamAWoTY8x048Ni3HHLNqqxash4DBDarGvmfuen3UirK4jgRRjAT1G6ALDQ/s974/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-24%20at%209.55.05%20AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="974" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghGEFNrrJCd9a0PKBGAMknm271waxeRYkGnGbA9UPpfjTcTKqdPuVJrwessFUvChDItCZPEj1xTLB7Maltyvo4y_ECe1MX3iTQ6cSwm-EBJvIxDr65JKZaha_a8TvVQPnqamAWoTY8x048Ni3HHLNqqxash4DBDarGvmfuen3UirK4jgRRjAT1G6ALDQ/w400-h216/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-24%20at%209.55.05%20AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuaXQrnPmLjLX6G6yrE9plhzPpM4QXNsfzVwq4aOGb08EWB3s-_m4wAtE2kdgaNtmSEeIB9IH_rkzHNjsbrBlxugppFgOd_I9izIRkGrd-wEdLBTuKsLafY8hikWpI80jb4obNtoWuliZXrw4G76Y797DXsiUT5E8LTq5fntzRVbPLWtkKRYEyhwDO3g/s660/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.56.57%20AM.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="379" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuaXQrnPmLjLX6G6yrE9plhzPpM4QXNsfzVwq4aOGb08EWB3s-_m4wAtE2kdgaNtmSEeIB9IH_rkzHNjsbrBlxugppFgOd_I9izIRkGrd-wEdLBTuKsLafY8hikWpI80jb4obNtoWuliZXrw4G76Y797DXsiUT5E8LTq5fntzRVbPLWtkKRYEyhwDO3g/s320/Screen%20Shot%202022-03-22%20at%207.56.57%20AM.png" width="184" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Changes in developmental genes</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Changes in developmental genes happen when genes that control the development of an organism are altered. All of the genes in one population are part of their gene pool. If the gene pool changes, then some genes must have changed. Genes are made up of specific sequences of DNA. In order for genes to change, the DNA must change first.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence and are a common source of genetic variation.</div></div></div></div></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-82051838442602364092022-03-01T08:17:00.003-08:002022-03-07T04:56:26.636-08:00Darwin's Evidence for Evolution<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Identify chronological patterns of change and communicate that biological evolution is supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence that identify similarities inherited from a common ancestor (homologies).</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-01)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Darwin's Evidence for Evolution</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Off we go!)</span></i></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjxQ4wqK22rVaW7Pd-Q_jUP4tSHbdCAZZHdMepvRvxxAG6HGrqQLVJ9JoZ-uVSIx9-rqIz3QCooJTuwdc-4FfQVqLL04bJ36gX3mwmza068l-lfHHisO3GF1xeNS6JiIbevgd2xZDvMVF_LWDCRIyAeOjAq_GMBlGjWA-l9X84MANN0Yn2L6ADA6uzrnQ=s677" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="677" data-original-width="474" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjxQ4wqK22rVaW7Pd-Q_jUP4tSHbdCAZZHdMepvRvxxAG6HGrqQLVJ9JoZ-uVSIx9-rqIz3QCooJTuwdc-4FfQVqLL04bJ36gX3mwmza068l-lfHHisO3GF1xeNS6JiIbevgd2xZDvMVF_LWDCRIyAeOjAq_GMBlGjWA-l9X84MANN0Yn2L6ADA6uzrnQ=s320" width="224" /></a></div><br />Charles Darwin </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">was a naturalist in the middle of the 1800s who became known as the Father of Evolution.</span></div></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div><span>Darwin published his most interesting notes in his book titled <i>On the Origin of Species</i>. This book detailed key terms for natural selection and contained his “evidence” for evolution.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>One of the principles he proposed was called descent with modification. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><b>Descent with modification</b> <i>is an idea that describes how species descend from each other and inherit changes. </i>It theorizes that all species that can be observed presently descended from previous species. <i>If two or more species are thought to have come from the same previous species, the earlier species is called a</i> <b>common ancestor.</b></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div><span><b>According to Darwin, all living things originated from a common ancestor.</b></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMtceffAD3j779hFmb9T_5mobawXeYycQqZj0Y8TnJHNWIpyaOE-T9sojDXsIhVg0KIIKR8aCeSYKlbS2qH9bddmK5bAmj39WfuxooNfZi-M9TaFV-4NTT6RBf_XgUVGoTfnQzVkti8QTFvPSfpNlSUwklnVOiR3PvqAFSrIHUc_jQB0u-ZIk5eiXzeg=s574" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="574" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMtceffAD3j779hFmb9T_5mobawXeYycQqZj0Y8TnJHNWIpyaOE-T9sojDXsIhVg0KIIKR8aCeSYKlbS2qH9bddmK5bAmj39WfuxooNfZi-M9TaFV-4NTT6RBf_XgUVGoTfnQzVkti8QTFvPSfpNlSUwklnVOiR3PvqAFSrIHUc_jQB0u-ZIk5eiXzeg=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-weight: 400;">This idea was integral to Darwin's theory. </span><span><b>Darwin offered four main components for his evidence of evolution.</b></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Darwin's Evidence for Evolution</span></b></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">1. Fossils </span>document how life on Earth has changed/evolved over time.</b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEipv1njJdP9NCs1ron7Pd0O4CVz_D5MXuDlWxA-c79QnSOqp30mtv5J4YYJFKHE_Q13oQrNEqae6OWkSMC0P--1orauR2oD-iAgo1LPC5PhMs9eWwdA2eTsgvBeJSt7POXfNyjKlFbDKxsEO9i0AIKWvJ0xW842BkyTheaXIX4Ol7ww2U1MT6Pn3ySFyg=s948" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="948" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEipv1njJdP9NCs1ron7Pd0O4CVz_D5MXuDlWxA-c79QnSOqp30mtv5J4YYJFKHE_Q13oQrNEqae6OWkSMC0P--1orauR2oD-iAgo1LPC5PhMs9eWwdA2eTsgvBeJSt7POXfNyjKlFbDKxsEO9i0AIKWvJ0xW842BkyTheaXIX4Ol7ww2U1MT6Pn3ySFyg=w640-h342" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div>Regarding fossil evidence, 95% of fossils are from marine animals.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh2TE2xd_xdTAT01rzCMI3aertSRI3zX5G_R_nhIXU6-ill62BirJSonN3Fcyj9ly3_mrOLmLimYPumMBW373PtZSVfLvkfzhPwoFqqypSrpRcFUf6v0ZhdMsF4Af8C6Oc1kB2FdeYIM4YS2JBH0zZoqFfpH3OdCQh-D0cggfHPKaN77dokilMJ1zqYZQ=s986" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="534" data-original-width="986" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh2TE2xd_xdTAT01rzCMI3aertSRI3zX5G_R_nhIXU6-ill62BirJSonN3Fcyj9ly3_mrOLmLimYPumMBW373PtZSVfLvkfzhPwoFqqypSrpRcFUf6v0ZhdMsF4Af8C6Oc1kB2FdeYIM4YS2JBH0zZoqFfpH3OdCQh-D0cggfHPKaN77dokilMJ1zqYZQ=w640-h346" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">2. Homologous structures</span></b> (structures that appear with similarities in different species) suggest that similar organs/limbs of different organisms are connected to each other by way of a common ancestor.</div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEikd7FfpmtRGA_ZzvTcd_w4LJR7TOU2QdmxAGEadDlKHfHQpmx3Mdhju1FqpluZbad7PML_ocTG7GejmfZgGoZf3bBhDRza32XUEcBd-2Eq5qxDLRhKBaOI9gQ-fBm_fvmnBvL_YwholNJ6LrdOm-ODCeovhgzMJZlFw6q_ywxRCNVIzF10pE-ZvHxSgg=s927" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="927" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEikd7FfpmtRGA_ZzvTcd_w4LJR7TOU2QdmxAGEadDlKHfHQpmx3Mdhju1FqpluZbad7PML_ocTG7GejmfZgGoZf3bBhDRza32XUEcBd-2Eq5qxDLRhKBaOI9gQ-fBm_fvmnBvL_YwholNJ6LrdOm-ODCeovhgzMJZlFw6q_ywxRCNVIzF10pE-ZvHxSgg=w640-h328" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span><b>Homologous structures </b>(above) <i>are structures that are similar in related organisms, suggesting a common ancestor; they do not have to have the same function.</i></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></div><div><b>Analogous structures </b>(below) <i>are structures that are similar in unrelated organisms; these structures simply evolved in sometimes-different ways to do the same job.</i></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9tyY8WHqBSs2CxwA2JwFXiypuIIvtCsYu65zNJhD2pfF_nK7C6D8nFoXhKnOjhmBoR6I0uRFpaJdC9DK9B9dg3-BC7K_ZKU9DXFBtToAczsrOrR3qoYV_0d-9igC2axMojIMTIejehuX3Ui_5jzRsa7yone_oL-PE5Bo79gIXc5NtOD8gqOzhAkcMaA=s502" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="471" data-original-width="502" height="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9tyY8WHqBSs2CxwA2JwFXiypuIIvtCsYu65zNJhD2pfF_nK7C6D8nFoXhKnOjhmBoR6I0uRFpaJdC9DK9B9dg3-BC7K_ZKU9DXFBtToAczsrOrR3qoYV_0d-9igC2axMojIMTIejehuX3Ui_5jzRsa7yone_oL-PE5Bo79gIXc5NtOD8gqOzhAkcMaA=w400-h375" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>Though both bats and birds have wings and can fly, they structure of the wings is very different. The bone patterns suggest different ancestors.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj-jwCgryIF07cMgkTYFI7BajvrP_4yfbudoOy14iAotJytEKqNgMoq6k4zbo7Sl24Sk4C5tlzq9eWJaa3BkxPzjg9xov_LloGgmcfyVRtdmbFlX7tqPBCkvYz68OBG9r8i_13TT98l1RY7AB84AfkfaKC-yX2Ii3DDIjx7YeF_SJIBAeDIMPgEfGdKHQ=s988" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="988" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj-jwCgryIF07cMgkTYFI7BajvrP_4yfbudoOy14iAotJytEKqNgMoq6k4zbo7Sl24Sk4C5tlzq9eWJaa3BkxPzjg9xov_LloGgmcfyVRtdmbFlX7tqPBCkvYz68OBG9r8i_13TT98l1RY7AB84AfkfaKC-yX2Ii3DDIjx7YeF_SJIBAeDIMPgEfGdKHQ=w640-h206" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Homologous structures:</b></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div>Suggest a common ancestor</div></div><div><div>Do not have to have the same function</div></div></blockquote><div><div><br /></div><div><b>Analogous structures:</b></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div>Do not suggest a common ancestor</div></div><div><div>These are structures in unrelated organisms that have evolved to have the same function</div></div><div><div>Typically in response to environmental similarities</div></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">3. Similarities in embryology</span> suggests all living things have developed from a common ancestor.</b></div><div><br /></div><div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-xtRnOICyvsabQ194pkAgwPOCTQmk_TfL6ljy-Nc_MQDGu8DLBlQJr9TL_Z3o493ScIzR6fV64-J2vukUXSPUY8wm62EnXxnQcXiaEuD2OAUYTL2Ox-66_ePTK-KFUVEO-hn0x-HLrjsE1ouPNHwZxB-iTFv3KBNm85O-ZUJrwB_zr4vk7HMIN4FSwg=s642" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="642" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-xtRnOICyvsabQ194pkAgwPOCTQmk_TfL6ljy-Nc_MQDGu8DLBlQJr9TL_Z3o493ScIzR6fV64-J2vukUXSPUY8wm62EnXxnQcXiaEuD2OAUYTL2Ox-66_ePTK-KFUVEO-hn0x-HLrjsE1ouPNHwZxB-iTFv3KBNm85O-ZUJrwB_zr4vk7HMIN4FSwg=w400-h300" width="400" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">4. Geographic distribution of living species</span> says that unique groups of animals only exist on islands, suggesting these animals have evolved from others on the mainland after to the supercontinent breakup.</b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj6sqLXMnhKIuS8OqxFFF7XDCf_eT-xs-28zbKwj-bqZCpDfDaKqm6zjbrFzloqyZZqEqXoJhfkmgB13iN2m_IGwo4JQEnyEu8O4xzstgqzgAzLU8mn8B3sz7rhXADdYG9rZvpV6-c-8J0pThDohslC3u6ullCaM_2ChxGzwCitq1K38RRai_BmKvXCfQ=s907" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="907" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj6sqLXMnhKIuS8OqxFFF7XDCf_eT-xs-28zbKwj-bqZCpDfDaKqm6zjbrFzloqyZZqEqXoJhfkmgB13iN2m_IGwo4JQEnyEu8O4xzstgqzgAzLU8mn8B3sz7rhXADdYG9rZvpV6-c-8J0pThDohslC3u6ullCaM_2ChxGzwCitq1K38RRai_BmKvXCfQ=w400-h203" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>To Darwin, all four of these pieces suggested that all living things came from a common ancestor.</b></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-84317451962058993112022-02-28T05:12:00.005-08:002022-02-28T06:46:54.646-08:00Darwin's Findings<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Identify chronological patterns of change and communicate that biological evolution is supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence that identify similarities inherited from a common ancestor (homologies).</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-01)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Darwin's Findings</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Something was lost? What? What was it?)</span></i></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><b><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgYozmj3lDp-XBx9lTOv9AMhJQr7bDLldZIhuXBW_MXjjfFVnZFMU3mJrZZh1caENn64LfB2138Rzwbca_V1Qh3YJ79rWaDtgp3PYg89zrSzdf5J7148jEk0q1I_bkOjPWJZhFN-951FbT_9x3VhERl9qYS2YbQCYHQBLf6ZQsJIr2-z1SG-kRDLEMlsg=s544" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="544" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgYozmj3lDp-XBx9lTOv9AMhJQr7bDLldZIhuXBW_MXjjfFVnZFMU3mJrZZh1caENn64LfB2138Rzwbca_V1Qh3YJ79rWaDtgp3PYg89zrSzdf5J7148jEk0q1I_bkOjPWJZhFN-951FbT_9x3VhERl9qYS2YbQCYHQBLf6ZQsJIr2-z1SG-kRDLEMlsg=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-environmentalbiology/chapter/5-2-origin-of-biodiversity/" target="_blank">Source, 2022-02</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Charles Darwin </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">was an English naturalist in the middle of the 1800s who became known as the “Father of Evolution.”</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Much of his work was based on what he learned while in the Galapagos Islands. </span>Darwin noticed how finches on the islands had different beak types, and he described these as adaptations.</div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div>An <b>adaptation</b><i> is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s fitness in its environment. </i>Adaptations can come from mutations in DNA or in response to the environment of the animal.</div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div>Darwin claimed that the generations of adaptations seen within the different species of finches were present because the finches had <i>evolved</i> into their observed characteristics. He cited how they accessed food as the environmental condition that had led to the adaptations that eventually evolved the birds into different species.</div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><b>Evolution</b> <i>is the change in the characteristics of a species <span style="font-size: xx-small;">(or worldview, applications of technology, etc.)</span> over several generations, and it relies on natural selection.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><b>There are two kinds of evolution.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Macroevolution</b><i> is the idea that all species can trace back to common ancestors.</i> The idea is that adaptation within a species over time eventually leads to separate species that are both (or all) similar to the ancestor.</div><div><br /></div><div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgYdHHv5V6i8dSd7Sri1jSeK6OGfjUbPx1TGyzILRz3XJB9D6P-wT_0DzTcugv5WpxxBHnhOKZHrK35GVk0YX8oXrLe6Y6TGQ_VFETgwO6PdCNraGok0PI2luxJeqNMaUIIW_GtkW60m1wbzqbee-IxToNve1VojWo3ilKTEdCHVYBKULtPnCw8t48Csg=s854" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="854" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgYdHHv5V6i8dSd7Sri1jSeK6OGfjUbPx1TGyzILRz3XJB9D6P-wT_0DzTcugv5WpxxBHnhOKZHrK35GVk0YX8oXrLe6Y6TGQ_VFETgwO6PdCNraGok0PI2luxJeqNMaUIIW_GtkW60m1wbzqbee-IxToNve1VojWo3ilKTEdCHVYBKULtPnCw8t48Csg=s320" width="320" /></a></div>Microevolution</b><i> is the process whereby adaptations over time lead to distinct changes <u>within the species.</u></i> Many examples of microevolution can be cited. As one example, within humans, the average height of eighteen year olds has increased over the last century. Access to nutrition has been pointed to as an environmental opportunity that humans have taken advantage of leading to the change within the species.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, to summarize, macroevolution is the idea that species change into <u>different species </u>as generations of adaptations take place. Microevolution is the process whereby a <u>species is altered (but remains the same species</u>) by generations of adaptations.</div><div><br /></div><div>At this point, it's probably worthwhile to define species. Within a taxonomic system, <b>a species is considered to be the level above which reproduction is not possible</b>. Except for a few exceptions wherein hybridization can occur, one species cannot reproduce with another species.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh2tahHZAlj9u7NVJDMcm0Qf_mb0L9vhvEkKGSJUNoq--M_Q6fcj__oeOQ_mf5-PCTXjnYTRTMsLPGhdg1DJs2PqAQq9HKrL183c6R5Se9l7Zes9LvSi4zGvXs-V7lWqq4XBStcLvjkI9XeIXSyO_GDl--b7B3uzmzSBcaJ-rr6KG_aI2Im8q2OsS8OLA=s889" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="889" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh2tahHZAlj9u7NVJDMcm0Qf_mb0L9vhvEkKGSJUNoq--M_Q6fcj__oeOQ_mf5-PCTXjnYTRTMsLPGhdg1DJs2PqAQq9HKrL183c6R5Se9l7Zes9LvSi4zGvXs-V7lWqq4XBStcLvjkI9XeIXSyO_GDl--b7B3uzmzSBcaJ-rr6KG_aI2Im8q2OsS8OLA=w640-h304" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><br /><div>Within the bounds of that definition, Darwin's finches might be better seen through the lens of microevolution. Not only can they reproduce, they do. </div><div><br /></div><div>"A new article in Nature by Galápagos finch researchers Peter and Rosemary Grant, “Speciation undone,” confirms [that] Galápagos finch species are capable of interbreeding — but adds a new twist: they’re interbreeding so much that in multiple cases, two “species” may be fusing back into one species" (<a href="https://evolutionnews.org/2014/03/nature_galapago/" target="_blank">Source, 2022-02</a>).</div><div><br /></div><div>Regardless of how the process is defined, Darwin's finches clearly grouped according to how they <b>adapted to</b> (beak shape) the access to and restriction from resources in their environment. </div><div><br /></div><div>So, whereas <b>an adaptation is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s fitness in its environment</b> and adaptations can come from mutations in DNA or in response to the environment of the animal, we can see in all of creation how <b>different adaptations have evolved to increase the ability of a species to thrive within its environment.</b></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6axht9-7Q3Cqh05YG29mYvMJIVIr1_uijEh3jWaoZ6RxKYO1SUJyYhhuGRamZ_nsDE-ON376M4Nrx3CR0vPfJUXsOq-sEMxvgFfZKtqM203XDFmoKa4u6MVDNASgemXZwqR3cedbzX29SXUBi1SjPPLOxIv_hC8oZqm2xK1-HIKlevsYTGzHY62EptQ=s885" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="885" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6axht9-7Q3Cqh05YG29mYvMJIVIr1_uijEh3jWaoZ6RxKYO1SUJyYhhuGRamZ_nsDE-ON376M4Nrx3CR0vPfJUXsOq-sEMxvgFfZKtqM203XDFmoKa4u6MVDNASgemXZwqR3cedbzX29SXUBi1SjPPLOxIv_hC8oZqm2xK1-HIKlevsYTGzHY62EptQ=w640-h358" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">What adaptation did this little guy gain?</span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><b>Adaptations occur as a result of something.</b> When a resource needed by the organism becomes availalbe in greater quantities, some adaptations take advantage of the change. When something ceases to become readily available, some organisism will adapt in response to the change.<br /><br /><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiFvLHOIgkyv8aHB2mhwtDFr-PLq5XGatuRHKgCol2k8kH7pRcT5Owf5Pg041OE2W_DjY19Up4g6WUpQ0LaEOIIGawmLjzQYibg_DbfmPG7rUEW9AEybf2F-ziKkLXGyivTTaS7O1QG-8YTosua-0JAHzSqqpfkx84C0be2wx1rTbKH41d9OceOifONKg=s614" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="399" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiFvLHOIgkyv8aHB2mhwtDFr-PLq5XGatuRHKgCol2k8kH7pRcT5Owf5Pg041OE2W_DjY19Up4g6WUpQ0LaEOIIGawmLjzQYibg_DbfmPG7rUEW9AEybf2F-ziKkLXGyivTTaS7O1QG-8YTosua-0JAHzSqqpfkx84C0be2wx1rTbKH41d9OceOifONKg=w130-h200" width="130" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">What color mice have the higher fitness?</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><b>Adaptations normally increase an organism’s fitness.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><i>What is “fitness”?</i></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Fitness</b> <i>describes the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. </i>It is a way to describe how well an organism can thrive.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Fitness is sometimes measured by the number of offspring an organism has.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><i>Would a lion in South Africa with one baby or a lion in Kenya with ten babies show better fitness?</i></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQ5PAZ9g5zNXPou6m46zNT2FsZjbutltEpZPa33r2FodeL1vF8_Pya5sNuixZvdO6lLlQ7_U2LK0rQwYaexERgBheP7JsqCPnB3_hyxwDMPYvup8Mj3kNtfCIdE3td1SU82oV40vxVuHJ-1Vg1gPctjDbJ6K_Kz6VcOkpK0GNtV3wOcDQRzhZODGqgjA=s471" style="display: inline; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="334" data-original-width="471" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQ5PAZ9g5zNXPou6m46zNT2FsZjbutltEpZPa33r2FodeL1vF8_Pya5sNuixZvdO6lLlQ7_U2LK0rQwYaexERgBheP7JsqCPnB3_hyxwDMPYvup8Mj3kNtfCIdE3td1SU82oV40vxVuHJ-1Vg1gPctjDbJ6K_Kz6VcOkpK0GNtV3wOcDQRzhZODGqgjA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">So, there is a mechanism within nature that leads to passing on traits that increase fitness. <b>Natural selection</b> <i>is the survival of the fittest; this means that the best fit organisms are the ones that survive and reproduce. </i>The less fit members of the population (possibly) die and do not produce. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><i><b>Think about it… </b>if fitness leads to survival and if you have to survive to reproduce, less fit members of a population will not live long enough to reproduce, so the less fit traits will not get passed along!</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj19iFEosAf_OeZU9zWFTO1Pu11MCli4oky2CVBp5GSn1DytU10Fu5cs6UG9b3mmqZy_CKzR6O91MxoyVivkygleE1mLI4K7nt9QdLd7SVxgWAlbnL0fHnIGxCNkZk2AA49CctqdaFgtV6oJnqqZJ4L1SHSSUEvba4JDl4-hq7fg3JhwkussE6GKJ3_5g=s602" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="602" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj19iFEosAf_OeZU9zWFTO1Pu11MCli4oky2CVBp5GSn1DytU10Fu5cs6UG9b3mmqZy_CKzR6O91MxoyVivkygleE1mLI4K7nt9QdLd7SVxgWAlbnL0fHnIGxCNkZk2AA49CctqdaFgtV6oJnqqZJ4L1SHSSUEvba4JDl4-hq7fg3JhwkussE6GKJ3_5g=w400-h279" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div>Darwin was not the first person to use this term (Natural Selection).<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhuzlBxBmgzD8sFYuje1E-XPJGga4GRYJ20z4jUPpjjBTBUnLsaWWK7XF6fmvmAWOPqNH93XwLfPiyRU6Y8Zu7V5OSPOzYWYYBfJ0SXAfcLRYXx1hDQhKPRE4D3YU3e3XKsYJCPUNDWMyQK4G62rZk6p2vW0uUBBV2J-hibohdSdAXA1Vby1it2bGemcA=s707" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="509" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhuzlBxBmgzD8sFYuje1E-XPJGga4GRYJ20z4jUPpjjBTBUnLsaWWK7XF6fmvmAWOPqNH93XwLfPiyRU6Y8Zu7V5OSPOzYWYYBfJ0SXAfcLRYXx1hDQhKPRE4D3YU3e3XKsYJCPUNDWMyQK4G62rZk6p2vW0uUBBV2J-hibohdSdAXA1Vby1it2bGemcA=s320" width="230" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Which one of these moths would most likely survive and reproduce in an environment with many trees?</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Over time, what would you expect to happen to the green moths? The camouflaged moths?<br /><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><i>Note a few things about natural selection…</i></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Natural selection:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Does not explain the origin of favored traits<br /><br /></li><li>Takes place outside of human control<br /><br /></li><li>Leads to an overall increase in a species’ fitness</li></ul><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjZ2cOtLJp8qYsx4H_rqsjRvPmgFJdMXlY9sUV6sSPLM8e46F-9oGVknT8Egbd-m59qunOlFuyUmfyAA6dLQ-2TyRDlkeA0fC3wiJeV0LzyWc_Y30Mf-_j_4gJg7WpNw6e6Hf0K0Dyy0e4lMxFO0oUM-hwLJ0nP_gF-vG4VDHMRSeJpPtibe-K1PhCFNQ=s578" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="321" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjZ2cOtLJp8qYsx4H_rqsjRvPmgFJdMXlY9sUV6sSPLM8e46F-9oGVknT8Egbd-m59qunOlFuyUmfyAA6dLQ-2TyRDlkeA0fC3wiJeV0LzyWc_Y30Mf-_j_4gJg7WpNw6e6Hf0K0Dyy0e4lMxFO0oUM-hwLJ0nP_gF-vG4VDHMRSeJpPtibe-K1PhCFNQ=s320" width="178" /></a><b>Natural selection will only occur under specific conditions.</b></div></div></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div><br />In order for natural selection to occur:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Genetic variation must be present in a population.<br /><br /></li><li>Reproduction must occur.<br /><br /></li><li>Successful genes must reproduce (heredity).<br /><br /></li><li>There must be a struggle to survive.</li></ul><div><i>So, the if running faster than a lion helps increase fitness, and if some of the antelope slow (yellow to the right) they will not live to pass on their trait. The fast antelope (red to the right) will, and will reproduce, passing their "fastness" to the next generation. </i></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>As adaptations occur, one of two things will happen.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>A <b>good adaptation</b> will lead to a<b> high level of fitness</b>, which leads to natural selection.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Remember this guy?</span></b></i></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6axht9-7Q3Cqh05YG29mYvMJIVIr1_uijEh3jWaoZ6RxKYO1SUJyYhhuGRamZ_nsDE-ON376M4Nrx3CR0vPfJUXsOq-sEMxvgFfZKtqM203XDFmoKa4u6MVDNASgemXZwqR3cedbzX29SXUBi1SjPPLOxIv_hC8oZqm2xK1-HIKlevsYTGzHY62EptQ=s885" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="885" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6axht9-7Q3Cqh05YG29mYvMJIVIr1_uijEh3jWaoZ6RxKYO1SUJyYhhuGRamZ_nsDE-ON376M4Nrx3CR0vPfJUXsOq-sEMxvgFfZKtqM203XDFmoKa4u6MVDNASgemXZwqR3cedbzX29SXUBi1SjPPLOxIv_hC8oZqm2xK1-HIKlevsYTGzHY62EptQ=w640-h358" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">What adaptation did this little guy gain?<br /><br /></span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><div>His adaptation to blend in increases his ability to survive, and this trait will be passed on as a favorable trait leading to natural selection over many generations.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJ5pzCRsuFWpjugxSV-V-VmIQjuhMjKJVPuAdIepB9nXB9_UxhXcBkzLlUSbzrLd0nCOwjyXEZOflAULjQhLCOreTS8OCS0YxTQ0E4Y7l2qvyabhnqDTLo-e2BThSk6xyO7ZJkh4SsZsIS1oG2b-bjtKyEIZG4TH_8dHm2rYZ4FfS8Hn76O9Ww2LsBMw=s1006" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="214" data-original-width="1006" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJ5pzCRsuFWpjugxSV-V-VmIQjuhMjKJVPuAdIepB9nXB9_UxhXcBkzLlUSbzrLd0nCOwjyXEZOflAULjQhLCOreTS8OCS0YxTQ0E4Y7l2qvyabhnqDTLo-e2BThSk6xyO7ZJkh4SsZsIS1oG2b-bjtKyEIZG4TH_8dHm2rYZ4FfS8Hn76O9Ww2LsBMw=w640-h136" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Snowshoe hare adaptation to change color as temperature gets colder.</span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>The image above shows the progression of the change in coat color exhibited by the snowshoe hare as temperatures get colder.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>A good adaptation will give a high level of fitness, which leads to natural selection.</b></div><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Behaviors Can Also Adapt</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>Sharks have adapted the behavior to follow ships and boats.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgHGQfOfF0I5idStQmFxkf11NVmHqxRZ-CxaR0N4pCTIaG79cT44X5R1OW-Q6pQEyXjfnvkSxeEQjFcc0Y9XXdS6SLk25nQ2q54oLe1t5KjFeZtiRkShsTuTcggge7Dp7PkaOrzjUqV1c6wE73hhGud2RC2Cp9Gz_iZQhajRvJbGyTJiSKgKnhGQyK4gw=s293" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="293" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgHGQfOfF0I5idStQmFxkf11NVmHqxRZ-CxaR0N4pCTIaG79cT44X5R1OW-Q6pQEyXjfnvkSxeEQjFcc0Y9XXdS6SLk25nQ2q54oLe1t5KjFeZtiRkShsTuTcggge7Dp7PkaOrzjUqV1c6wE73hhGud2RC2Cp9Gz_iZQhajRvJbGyTJiSKgKnhGQyK4gw" width="293" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Sharks have adapted the behavior to follow ships for two main reasons:</div><div><br /></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>People often throw food/waste overboard.<br /><br /></li><li>During the slave trade, sick and/or deceased slaves were tossed overboard. This caused sharks to adapt their behavior to follow ships for food.</li></ol><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">So, Back to Darwin…</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>From his findings, Darwin said that evolution happens through the principle of <b>descent with modification.</b> This says that <b>organisms pass traits to their offspring that often include changes that happened due to mutations or environmental pressures and opportunities.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>According to this principle, all species descended from one original species. <i>The species from which all other species derived from is called the </i><b>common ancestor.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-41426050797154628762022-02-23T07:10:00.008-08:002022-02-28T04:20:55.251-08:00Charles Darwin and His Influences<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Identify chronological patterns of change and communicate that biological evolution is supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence that identify similarities inherited from a common ancestor (homologies).</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-01)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Charles Darwin and His Influences</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(This guy… I've heard of him!)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><br /></div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhfAQIqcCkhUOmI-W9Ncwg08bldSlEdD7VSjdy2uKYO_koEZR9sR-4gh6gX0cqkHzNSxjHjwIM9Rm0sA9myIXoFD4amWZ6invrpoFz-FQfDx7BT9zi9YNxpSm6fCR8fhBeS-0GAsr0m7LoffMKK_w-3LI2fs9RlckZI9d8mJk-kxzzeBe0FkMJHBZLVLg=s633" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="462" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhfAQIqcCkhUOmI-W9Ncwg08bldSlEdD7VSjdy2uKYO_koEZR9sR-4gh6gX0cqkHzNSxjHjwIM9Rm0sA9myIXoFD4amWZ6invrpoFz-FQfDx7BT9zi9YNxpSm6fCR8fhBeS-0GAsr0m7LoffMKK_w-3LI2fs9RlckZI9d8mJk-kxzzeBe0FkMJHBZLVLg=w146-h200" width="146" /></a></div>Evolution</b> <i>is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations, and it relies on natural selection.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Charles Darwin </b>was an English naturalist who became known as the “Father of Evolution.” <b>As with most major figures, he had many people influence his thoughts. </b>Darwin's work took place in the middle of the 1800s.</div><div><br /></div><div>Two scientists who greatly influenced Darwin by helping him realize the apparent age of the Earth were Hutton and Lyell.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>James Hutton</b> proposed that rocks, mountains, and other formations change very slowly over time. This led him to believe that Earth must be more than a few thousand years old.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg8RzNFZ4Pa_rfa1h1f2yLtK6zLSkIcXNglY76PtGn041Bvbx1Q6ZVh_oBgmtze6mSM2yzN0UeeEdDJJL5HoB80ch_pd3l3pYn9Qf_y94U78jUUO-Lijt395JH8aIZwUeKxG4BeTI1cxiAdy1sMyD8cpPkm_OSLln9RAyhm-S4wxsjHlCC5gr3hqm4MxA=s455" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="455" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg8RzNFZ4Pa_rfa1h1f2yLtK6zLSkIcXNglY76PtGn041Bvbx1Q6ZVh_oBgmtze6mSM2yzN0UeeEdDJJL5HoB80ch_pd3l3pYn9Qf_y94U78jUUO-Lijt395JH8aIZwUeKxG4BeTI1cxiAdy1sMyD8cpPkm_OSLln9RAyhm-S4wxsjHlCC5gr3hqm4MxA=w400-h358" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">So… he got famous for saying rocks are old… Hmm…</span></i></div><div><br /></div><div>Hutton's observations and his conclusion departed from the idea that all of the world was only a few thousand years old. </div><div><br /></div><div>Another of Darwin's influences, <b>Charles Lyell</b> argued that the shape of the Earth’s crust was the result of small changes over millions of years. (rivers and soil)</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkFPVRwgBjbOydvTgsB-1Dalrq8b0lZKb8i8dKVQLYv95BmNNV84IwXE5yv7RUZQ0xTERjwe7xJOUquHSp4OAR8dKhvkbSAC6QVuicMXFimQ7sBfSo9iz8sf571aSTrK-ayKqK-sNguSjjnc3H48neRk9N8XTYn6dOfQH5IILNZjG8dt-X7xzXvhT_sA=s721" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="721" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkFPVRwgBjbOydvTgsB-1Dalrq8b0lZKb8i8dKVQLYv95BmNNV84IwXE5yv7RUZQ0xTERjwe7xJOUquHSp4OAR8dKhvkbSAC6QVuicMXFimQ7sBfSo9iz8sf571aSTrK-ayKqK-sNguSjjnc3H48neRk9N8XTYn6dOfQH5IILNZjG8dt-X7xzXvhT_sA=w400-h264" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Lyell's views were congruent with those of Hutton, and they yielded more fodder for Darwin's ideas. Meanwhile, other scientists were taking not of other things.</div><div><br /></div><b>Jean Baptiste Lamarck</b> was one of the first scientists to recognize that living things have changed over time.<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjv9xGQ7iGBYkFLt2nViPtvxAvR9aWH5S9oN8uoXMtAU877dQavWomb-kFBMpyIDlHsHrLkZ-ff1FErpWsVFkpXd4SDkgsI60dTJ7VDDivjkz3btyozPXLv-NyFV2gED80k5I8E30kYL4OmlvMD-GnCQ_uZ9YBOrZLjAF1PSnFrLuZONEKVGJQA_hY2vA=s739" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="739" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjv9xGQ7iGBYkFLt2nViPtvxAvR9aWH5S9oN8uoXMtAU877dQavWomb-kFBMpyIDlHsHrLkZ-ff1FErpWsVFkpXd4SDkgsI60dTJ7VDDivjkz3btyozPXLv-NyFV2gED80k5I8E30kYL4OmlvMD-GnCQ_uZ9YBOrZLjAF1PSnFrLuZONEKVGJQA_hY2vA=w400-h254" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>Lamarck also proposed that the selective use or disuse of certain organs caused organisms to acquire or lose certain traits over time. Organs that are very reduced in size or have evolved to have no use are called vestigial organs.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>What are some organs humans have gained or lost function for over time?</i></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhYZg9xnjtSHIwk6yrIfSk4dn9bpZ-6NOCG8wJQTD7xnObq-MJDrzz3aPyVP3hukKolGhegLMLSloWaFXcg-X_74WwdzhPhK3XbnuKcJheS3XGvLJQS08iZQsH6FELVC8fcy1VqoK_EG1PCQoLfznY8VBKsP53YwuG0qSWiO7Zyr9AScHgafxXYBnbI_A=s756" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="756" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhYZg9xnjtSHIwk6yrIfSk4dn9bpZ-6NOCG8wJQTD7xnObq-MJDrzz3aPyVP3hukKolGhegLMLSloWaFXcg-X_74WwdzhPhK3XbnuKcJheS3XGvLJQS08iZQsH6FELVC8fcy1VqoK_EG1PCQoLfznY8VBKsP53YwuG0qSWiO7Zyr9AScHgafxXYBnbI_A=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Appendix</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhe2qjg4SGKgOJQfWQQdmTHHg74ghclN6pstjhbUvFnWfE6xmnmCJCdqS7SZOY_Cm8biGDTFPgHc-Yv-uFKjXMQV382ZotMNpVbQiNmznssZeVDGycdtkGIf9y2KF9D2PxkOXgT-LMmjzKcVJZN5_YGgmSlRjiQdKcj0GERvj88Jp4oNAiOOyTovPtWcQ=s835" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="835" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhe2qjg4SGKgOJQfWQQdmTHHg74ghclN6pstjhbUvFnWfE6xmnmCJCdqS7SZOY_Cm8biGDTFPgHc-Yv-uFKjXMQV382ZotMNpVbQiNmznssZeVDGycdtkGIf9y2KF9D2PxkOXgT-LMmjzKcVJZN5_YGgmSlRjiQdKcj0GERvj88Jp4oNAiOOyTovPtWcQ=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wisdom Teeth</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhVWmJoyRrWiAWqTTZQCkKWxKndh5mSdjASShVJUdpLLbdPURCLDLV02_ZpVRq1T8HGsMmk6NSWAgObvnYzTtRw4AaleE4nRNb5BP0-3JvQGLbCZ2CuUgkLyqKZT8MjiIgMbLgmT_RIx0ek8gaLB5OnSUThhWQeyEQGAv7rqTwjyRGy0x-MALLuQhRGAg=s669" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="669" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhVWmJoyRrWiAWqTTZQCkKWxKndh5mSdjASShVJUdpLLbdPURCLDLV02_ZpVRq1T8HGsMmk6NSWAgObvnYzTtRw4AaleE4nRNb5BP0-3JvQGLbCZ2CuUgkLyqKZT8MjiIgMbLgmT_RIx0ek8gaLB5OnSUThhWQeyEQGAv7rqTwjyRGy0x-MALLuQhRGAg=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Apparent “Tail” During Embryo Development</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><div><br /></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgZ5QHRI5tPiTpyhFuH2RJ0dft3rFzKV4qZflhLj6pdIIPvY-9tlf41uI_5gWQVwoAfjErsqP0iDDDN99btUwcHM_EbpYb1cp9vNd5o6Wmtjj72d9zivWw4LDh6fzMnX2_YuReVjGCkRiQ1S-ok9g-O3dujzysjsg9yB4fcMp_7OaUQP-LZnknZnYRdfA=s546" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="448" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgZ5QHRI5tPiTpyhFuH2RJ0dft3rFzKV4qZflhLj6pdIIPvY-9tlf41uI_5gWQVwoAfjErsqP0iDDDN99btUwcHM_EbpYb1cp9vNd5o6Wmtjj72d9zivWw4LDh6fzMnX2_YuReVjGCkRiQ1S-ok9g-O3dujzysjsg9yB4fcMp_7OaUQP-LZnknZnYRdfA=s320" width="263" /></a></div><div>Another scientist, <b>Thomas Malthus</b>, studied population growth. He found that the human birth rate exceeded the death rate. If this continued, humans may run out of resources. Since resources, if renewable in the first place, are produced at a constant rate, if the number of resource consumers (population) increases, then the access to resources is limited.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>If resources are limited, there will be competition. This could change a population over time. If the population relied on the resource, exhausting it would have in impact on the members of the population. </div><div><br /></div><div>This is observed frequently in numerous ecosystems as populations grow or shrink according available resources. Wildlife managers attend to this relationship regularly.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>During the 2020-22 pandemic, as more people either got COVID-19 or were vaccinated, the resources for COVID-19 became limited. <b>So, the original strain had to either change or die off.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgv5PRqUSQVN5tChwjCiq1lPkVmge4ySEmg-R7cBTsE6CWqwAL2crLIZtxL6DBUYYoQdbR-YobNB0Jk4RR0zKjht8RFYwSU0qp_NC_bSvawhASlMqU4rQp-ybKfrphCmLVuAms9loiHDcdE7jN7POH2EA-Oa2RibuMyVp5KodvY53c8tE0-fSEFteYcnw=s439" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="439" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgv5PRqUSQVN5tChwjCiq1lPkVmge4ySEmg-R7cBTsE6CWqwAL2crLIZtxL6DBUYYoQdbR-YobNB0Jk4RR0zKjht8RFYwSU0qp_NC_bSvawhASlMqU4rQp-ybKfrphCmLVuAms9loiHDcdE7jN7POH2EA-Oa2RibuMyVp5KodvY53c8tE0-fSEFteYcnw=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBG15E5ojAtZeph8aN6DH6nNQ8KGD_DdIWtjESoaCumZyf4-8pMmhwv9FFk1VbR7cKWGrbT3PHjPr22dgsKPRKMtNjp2_Q5XmcQjTpn_G5GbIQV1fApURZXg2gPdQEh0p-NgAdDulFZLrs-ZOnN3VoP0lyfjZyuD4wlIb7rC4im35SuHh3tflNCc_THw=s638" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="429" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBG15E5ojAtZeph8aN6DH6nNQ8KGD_DdIWtjESoaCumZyf4-8pMmhwv9FFk1VbR7cKWGrbT3PHjPr22dgsKPRKMtNjp2_Q5XmcQjTpn_G5GbIQV1fApURZXg2gPdQEh0p-NgAdDulFZLrs-ZOnN3VoP0lyfjZyuD4wlIb7rC4im35SuHh3tflNCc_THw=w134-h200" width="134" /></a></div><br /><b>Before Darwin's publication in 1859</b>, Alfred Russel Wallace published an essay covering the same topic and ideas that Darwin was interested in. This gave Darwin an incentive to publish his own work.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>One of Darwin’s most significant works started on a voyage he took in the 1830s.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>On this trip, he took a famous voyage around the world on the HMS Beagle to study the diversity of life.</div><div><br /></div><div>From start to finish, this trip lasted for about 5 years. During his trip, he kept notes in a notebook. Some of his most influential notes came during his visit to the Galapagos Islands.</div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlnYTqN0BgbnB_r7WFW2ZTezWmwCiPucNXfnfIwD_5zDOpg96jF6Jj8bzfzwPng6x5LJJmJBFNlrQV64qn_Un8RRtJMfhDOOEjwxbFFqXB_qkayxhxg37fywF-MbOZU6I-1QGPjF3-yQQK0YJ7ngp9YHGA56vYA_l7IGXnJoHTEDVnEB8_kHjEJrdAJw=s743" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="743" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlnYTqN0BgbnB_r7WFW2ZTezWmwCiPucNXfnfIwD_5zDOpg96jF6Jj8bzfzwPng6x5LJJmJBFNlrQV64qn_Un8RRtJMfhDOOEjwxbFFqXB_qkayxhxg37fywF-MbOZU6I-1QGPjF3-yQQK0YJ7ngp9YHGA56vYA_l7IGXnJoHTEDVnEB8_kHjEJrdAJw=w640-h366" width="640" /></a></div></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgztafgwiBI5xLOA1miZbV_5-dDcOYoc17KvFiJo4l8X6qboEUYaxabP7gkLxFol5VDUDnzK019KEElpD-6Dsp5mPqdoI_E-j_Ft-mAsM7BRrKS1AkLz4gO4pMMm_YWufhY5TAstTKAdEVQ1i3XsPhR8hjudkpeR5V_amu0696xdxmVXF1HT3KGyNS9kA=s679" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="679" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgztafgwiBI5xLOA1miZbV_5-dDcOYoc17KvFiJo4l8X6qboEUYaxabP7gkLxFol5VDUDnzK019KEElpD-6Dsp5mPqdoI_E-j_Ft-mAsM7BRrKS1AkLz4gO4pMMm_YWufhY5TAstTKAdEVQ1i3XsPhR8hjudkpeR5V_amu0696xdxmVXF1HT3KGyNS9kA=w200-h149" width="200" /></a></div></div><div>On the Galapagos Islands, <b>Darwin noted that similar species of finches had different sizes and shapes of their beaks.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><i>Why would these similar birds have different sized beaks?</i></div><div><br /></div><div>To accommodate for different environmental factors and types of food based on where they lived.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhi8qEeHkqLK9fSVAi9zO40F8V_o-Py76iJZeZJsL-j5OqU0dC1BtVnOS8sNA2nHt4nn2dDBf9W0BlWE3iVJt_ojHr9LukMrwWhAC9Mjc3w8XuK2_wMhQUreAYyrYlaAUM2cnOunZQ4zM2oieXjL7VvNKq6SrECWJeBG-J_rc0X1wVlaoow6lr1u4BsdA=s667" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="471" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhi8qEeHkqLK9fSVAi9zO40F8V_o-Py76iJZeZJsL-j5OqU0dC1BtVnOS8sNA2nHt4nn2dDBf9W0BlWE3iVJt_ojHr9LukMrwWhAC9Mjc3w8XuK2_wMhQUreAYyrYlaAUM2cnOunZQ4zM2oieXjL7VvNKq6SrECWJeBG-J_rc0X1wVlaoow6lr1u4BsdA=s320" width="226" /></a><i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div>So…</i> Darwin gets back to England, and he realizes that Wallace has published work similar to what he just found.</div><div><br /></div><div><br />Darwin published his most interesting notes in his book titled <i>On the Origin of Species</i>. This book detailed key terms for natural selection and contained his “evidence” for evolution.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><i>Common Misconception: </i>Darwin <b>DID NOT</b> argue that humans evolved from apes in this book, <b>nor did he ever argue that</b>.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiqFOiGFIfWlF9ZOszYpMewozQMEAlvXWBoCryoFACv_iBqaWZAqa44-4olbecYj7m6T0vOMuGNd14HnSu93S2c_Aqju_aZlPaT7_UPCN-tP3hzx8W2NsoC_V-aAKnNTu_Ga1oA4MxFYH6tyw0a0PJPQgVKYdalTKLL_yx5IlHGxKPolhSA7ByMhNWk4A=s603" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="603" height="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiqFOiGFIfWlF9ZOszYpMewozQMEAlvXWBoCryoFACv_iBqaWZAqa44-4olbecYj7m6T0vOMuGNd14HnSu93S2c_Aqju_aZlPaT7_UPCN-tP3hzx8W2NsoC_V-aAKnNTu_Ga1oA4MxFYH6tyw0a0PJPQgVKYdalTKLL_yx5IlHGxKPolhSA7ByMhNWk4A=w640-h576" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-61612024679954869062022-02-23T06:22:00.005-08:002022-02-25T04:52:38.386-08:00Introducing Evolution<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Identify chronological patterns of change and communicate that biological evolution is supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence that identify similarities inherited from a common ancestor (homologies).</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-01)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Introducing Evolution</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(This is a change…)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><br /></div><b>Evolution</b> <i>is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations, and it relies on natural selection.</i></div><div><br /></div><div>Evolution is a thing, not to be confused with the theory of evolution (which is also a thing). Evolution occurs within a species. And also within technology, for that matter.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgH1a9PZG9SIjcBzB2VjXb-Re0Nu0MsIoKmISibl0sQBlAn02un0RvbaLHXFKYlHaaXVGWvzaM-mSSWpkQShJkhgwmr2m_6iKQENvJ5hXvuF1hJgdh3eQvd4Dz3o30fvy-bVBnxaa_p_g_ltx25AMR2c4Xla24OXZO6Eqzc9gmQbMpW-fgDcEO8_BiL4A=s970" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="970" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgH1a9PZG9SIjcBzB2VjXb-Re0Nu0MsIoKmISibl0sQBlAn02un0RvbaLHXFKYlHaaXVGWvzaM-mSSWpkQShJkhgwmr2m_6iKQENvJ5hXvuF1hJgdh3eQvd4Dz3o30fvy-bVBnxaa_p_g_ltx25AMR2c4Xla24OXZO6Eqzc9gmQbMpW-fgDcEO8_BiL4A=w400-h186" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>If you stop for a moment, you can think of many things that have changed through generations, just within the last ten or so years.</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg2yZLNdk4dz48hDXD1OK_9nOm6Jlm0oHJTUbe7-zEj-7AGQdvX4DJ7sJ0E-h2hZoBEfsYkV2RQ54dd1zwKvQyEDnnRYtYL84e_7a1A_qt7BPN5385rwb_eqswjO2kloJjlmLu1a9k0CjQPwms4teAYFjECDrAqOs5EK91Ar1THVeRvyJY_jqmXFrt8Fw=s682" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="682" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg2yZLNdk4dz48hDXD1OK_9nOm6Jlm0oHJTUbe7-zEj-7AGQdvX4DJ7sJ0E-h2hZoBEfsYkV2RQ54dd1zwKvQyEDnnRYtYL84e_7a1A_qt7BPN5385rwb_eqswjO2kloJjlmLu1a9k0CjQPwms4teAYFjECDrAqOs5EK91Ar1THVeRvyJY_jqmXFrt8Fw=w200-h192" width="200" /></a></div>By 2022, video game consoles had been through quite a few evolutions! Early consoles (e.g. Atari) relied on ROM chips inside cartridges and the controllers consisted of a joystick and ONE button.</div><div><br /></div><div>Yeah… that's right!</div><div><br /></div><div>Compared to the consoles of 2022, it was extremely elemental.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Within the context of biology, evolution is very notable, as well. </b></div><div><br /></div><div>For instance, the average height of humans has changed over the years.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdD9LSV0YuJDpEGK2BqJuka6tJi2sBQsWGyNb249GMqNGuljUuga_iPa4BwxU--IWNHVjuSuH_bYJvwQTX_2ZJ5ZqeSGU9xomJUD7ajYHtx1t4tjoXhCQmvijtNoqXnfiuMGZ1zgyEIVDZRUMS7gTVwlh_dJowOtUppLS5Oskto2XP0TitITxLHAAOfg=s854" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="854" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdD9LSV0YuJDpEGK2BqJuka6tJi2sBQsWGyNb249GMqNGuljUuga_iPa4BwxU--IWNHVjuSuH_bYJvwQTX_2ZJ5ZqeSGU9xomJUD7ajYHtx1t4tjoXhCQmvijtNoqXnfiuMGZ1zgyEIVDZRUMS7gTVwlh_dJowOtUppLS5Oskto2XP0TitITxLHAAOfg=w400-h289" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_height" target="_blank">Source, 2022</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Why Do Things Evolve?</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>Many changes <b>are the result of changes in the environment, access to nutrition, and various other factors influencing development.</b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMxaMpVAevBWZDr4Z0zK2Pe_yc2RB2VB7FYK2AEpPyD4fHXdVMgd__5Xt6UYgiAB1CTLYUwwqXtpCzvwRFa739kvNM1cek5Dc5dQAFnBwOuPuH2Xh76ZbiUE5yhSKbumD8iYeAvWn0YvEAReHBZrZqN2G4nN6ETZQwpu_QvJV1rnzSkAba1lkCFDvHaw=s544" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="544" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMxaMpVAevBWZDr4Z0zK2Pe_yc2RB2VB7FYK2AEpPyD4fHXdVMgd__5Xt6UYgiAB1CTLYUwwqXtpCzvwRFa739kvNM1cek5Dc5dQAFnBwOuPuH2Xh76ZbiUE5yhSKbumD8iYeAvWn0YvEAReHBZrZqN2G4nN6ETZQwpu_QvJV1rnzSkAba1lkCFDvHaw=w400-h259" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Within a species</b> or with regard to a concept or design of some object, adaptations to <b>changes in what is present or what is not present lead to evolution. </b></div><div><br /></div><div>For instance, the automobile has evolved from the Benz's powered buggy, to the Stanley Steamer, to gas and diesel power to hybrids, and is moving toward more and more electric powered cars as of 2022.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMF3e9Wgg36mj5JS2VNge8wAIOl84WSdSge31gEZsiR3aKMR6IGk2YrfZCs42ikP2B2HgiDQdJx19kwdyB1_MaEW8waUMKE1uRl8LUB3NBmBAGHKnDBb-5oCc4ff9s3Rl78-FS1pxeI_GAQuwl7x5ovHgK2BZC_AOi9GbSVgbwopYQUN0Adlvz-wtdwA=s1034" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="1034" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMF3e9Wgg36mj5JS2VNge8wAIOl84WSdSge31gEZsiR3aKMR6IGk2YrfZCs42ikP2B2HgiDQdJx19kwdyB1_MaEW8waUMKE1uRl8LUB3NBmBAGHKnDBb-5oCc4ff9s3Rl78-FS1pxeI_GAQuwl7x5ovHgK2BZC_AOi9GbSVgbwopYQUN0Adlvz-wtdwA=w640-h218" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>The increase in production of gas and diesel led to the evolution to the cars of the late 20th Century. But, as the 21st Century progressed, the increase in problems related to carbon emissions and the decrease in access to fossil fuel sources pressured the "species" of automobile to "adapt" into electric utilization.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>This, evolution can be thought of as sort of a push-me-pull-me system.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><b>As access to a resource increases, an organism is pulled toward taking advantage of it. </b>It will adapt to maximize into the available resource. The evolution of video games reflects this. As CPU and GPU <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiWSY9Df0sJ-tuKS60bnqs1mPWt9YgEixC0C2BWuUV6Vn8WCvXSokQyAjTc8z_zWIktwgPPhxsDgyxvSfwJ0A3rCVd5cBUsZzC30_UCwoquZ6dOyxU8QE0Kecos01dCpq98l3sLHkG7PvkKM6xchqWz8z2-xiv6_bXNFLaVxXMg_zNzb9gICZdpQax58A=s244" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="244" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiWSY9Df0sJ-tuKS60bnqs1mPWt9YgEixC0C2BWuUV6Vn8WCvXSokQyAjTc8z_zWIktwgPPhxsDgyxvSfwJ0A3rCVd5cBUsZzC30_UCwoquZ6dOyxU8QE0Kecos01dCpq98l3sLHkG7PvkKM6xchqWz8z2-xiv6_bXNFLaVxXMg_zNzb9gICZdpQax58A=w200-h152" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=game+to+antenna+adapter" target="_blank">Google Images</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />power increased, the game systems adapted to incorporate those faster, more reliable components. <i>Gone are the days when an adapter connected your game to the antenna inputs of a TV and have been replaced by HDMI connections!</i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>If access to a resource decreases, the organism must also adapt.</b> It can be thought of as the lack of resource pushing the organism into a change.</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJjcn63_uq2BhFWCru1fbLpeX4p3d93EkrdrKiD1wDQOPv90xHBdZER4oL3GdPUYRAllep8miptihGMsrlj8g6ZhYGzNbrgtWT-QbTeB_Yjm_3nHZWh7oN4P1SSGch1xc2uhfsJ7m6_XHAMsDMW8sRT9lfjXHPquSTMfyHxIsdpj84DUFBWLD-CG4t1w=s873" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="873" data-original-width="595" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJjcn63_uq2BhFWCru1fbLpeX4p3d93EkrdrKiD1wDQOPv90xHBdZER4oL3GdPUYRAllep8miptihGMsrlj8g6ZhYGzNbrgtWT-QbTeB_Yjm_3nHZWh7oN4P1SSGch1xc2uhfsJ7m6_XHAMsDMW8sRT9lfjXHPquSTMfyHxIsdpj84DUFBWLD-CG4t1w=w218-h320" width="218" /></a></div><br />When habitat disappears, wild animals must migrate, and at times, it requires them to overcome innate fears of humans. Many suburban areas in the united states now is witness to populations of deer that have ceased being afraid to be close to humans. </div><div><br /></div><div>This generational adaptation opens up access to foraging. Deer too afraid would eventually be replaced by deer brave enough to venture into the neighborhood. </div><div><br /></div><div>Arguably, this stretches the idea of evolution; however,<b> it illustrates how the members of the population that adapt will thrive while those that don't adapt will suffer. </b>In the long run, the survivors within the species (or within a given population of the species) will be the ones able to adapt to the changing access to resources. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>In sum, evolution of things</b> (species, technologies, worldviews, etc.) <b>occurs when changes with regard to what is available or possible lead to adaptations which increase the ability of the thing to thrive.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Going back to video game systems, had one console refused to update graphics and move on to HDMI connections, it would not have been able to "thrive" in the market. Meanwhile, the games that took advantage of the new possibilities—the games that evolved into the new technologies would thrive. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><i>It is worthwhile repeating something from above</i>: <b>evolution is not the same as the theory of evolution</b>. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>It is important to realize that<b> the theory of evolution is a theory, not a fact.</b> A theory is a well-supported explanation of something that has occurred in the natural world, and it attempts to explain how or why something happens. <b>A theory is neither undoubtedly true nor false.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>With regard to the <u>theory of evolution</u>, who is the major figure in the origins of the topic?<br /><div><br /></div><div>Did you say <i><b><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/2022/02/charles-darwin-and-his-influences.html" target="_blank">Charles Darwin</a></b></i>?<br /><div><br /></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>______________________</div><div><br /></div><div><i>It is noteworthy that the topic of evolution does not exist apart from controversy. Within this collection of topics, the intent is to present the prevailing, related body of knowledge and history, as that information is considered to be integral to the field of biology.</i></div><div><br /></div>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4149669682365382843.post-17585771411790113852022-02-18T04:50:00.010-08:002022-02-21T06:38:37.139-08:00Protein Synthesis: Translation and Mutation<p><b style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/p/biology.html">Biology Index</a></b></p><p></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b></b></font></p><p><font color="#9e9e9e"><b>Where are we going with this?</b> The information on this page should increase understanding related to this standard: </font><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i> </i></span><span style="color: #9e9e9e;"><i>Demonstrate how DNA sequence information is decoded through transcriptional and translational processes within the cell in order to synthesize proteins. Examine the relationship of structure and function of various types of RNA and the importance of this relationship in these processes.</i></span></p><div><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-small;"><i>Article includes ideas, images, and content from Troy Smigielski (2022-01)</i></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Protein Synthesis: Translation and Mutation</b></span></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(So, this seems like a thing…)</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div><br /><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0si3PgJjVzWAad8tGpGHNLdNRQ9CXQRRnT7lxMEvbQin8DekYjh7qQVyCHzYzG9R_NrnBl-8iGuAGwFHE3Mke2KNZBFym0EjM9TYSNbkLju7tGXGENetSG5bwm_GutfFrNPJbQ1xO2cj8Ie8J0U8LtFZJ_uabfkfdYi5tKUbTXuDes5tLoLsfBS08Uw=s687" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="687" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0si3PgJjVzWAad8tGpGHNLdNRQ9CXQRRnT7lxMEvbQin8DekYjh7qQVyCHzYzG9R_NrnBl-8iGuAGwFHE3Mke2KNZBFym0EjM9TYSNbkLju7tGXGENetSG5bwm_GutfFrNPJbQ1xO2cj8Ie8J0U8LtFZJ_uabfkfdYi5tKUbTXuDes5tLoLsfBS08Uw=s320" width="320" /></a></div>The goal of protein synthesis is to make a protein.</b> <a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/2021/09/proteins.html" target="_blank">In other places</a>, we have discussed that proteins do a wide variety of functions in the body and/or are expressed as a trait. We have also explored how the protein synthesis process begins in the nucleus of a cell with the <a href="https://billonscience.blogspot.com/2022/02/transcription-protein-synthesis.html" target="_blank">transcription</a> process.</div><div><br /></div><div>But, let's start with a quick review…</div><div><br /></div><div>Okay, thanks!</div><div><br /></div><div>In the nucleus of a cell, the first thing that happens is that the DNA elongates and opens up to make room for the RNA nucleotides to come in. The DNA is composed of a coding strand (which carries the code the mRNA will need to make the proteins) and a template strand made up of the complementary nucleotides found in the coding strand…</div><div><br /></div><div><i>You know…</i></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhFt1vHDsI4bZI-itInATy8eJ08avkwDBbSmNBADxOYgaH3Bvmn9Z-WaQIruzcfpZyj3SlnN6RLAnyfMIY29fCRDQ1dcf2zTQJH9nfQSnFDQ69UVg7PwRDvuPAafjQd-SVR_X1hZxU7BzmnHox2u1Yr9_P-nqvwmR1lUPV2ejDuY4Q_sHWYYqI4cLdJpQ=s896" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="896" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhFt1vHDsI4bZI-itInATy8eJ08avkwDBbSmNBADxOYgaH3Bvmn9Z-WaQIruzcfpZyj3SlnN6RLAnyfMIY29fCRDQ1dcf2zTQJH9nfQSnFDQ69UVg7PwRDvuPAafjQd-SVR_X1hZxU7BzmnHox2u1Yr9_P-nqvwmR1lUPV2ejDuY4Q_sHWYYqI4cLdJpQ=w400-h148" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>So… </div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">To summarize:</span></b></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div>1. Transcription is the step in protein synthesis where DNA makes mRNA.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. This process takes place in the nucleus.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. After transcription, the cell has a long strand of mRNA that serves as a messenger between the nucleus (DNA) and the ribosome (protein).</div><div><br /></div><div>4. But, before translation, the cell edits the mRNA sequence.</div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div>4a. <span style="color: #990000;">In</span>trons are the sequences that were cut out. (The <span style="color: #990000;">in</span>vaders, <span style="color: #990000;">in</span>truders, the <span style="color: #990000;">in</span>vasive code…)</div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div>4b. <span style="color: #38761d;">Ex</span>ons are the sequences that were left in. (The <span style="color: #38761d;">ex</span>pected code that will be <span style="color: #38761d;">ex</span>pressed in the protein.)</div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div>5. When the strand has been edited, the cell splits up the bases into groups of three.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. Each group of three bases is called a codon.</div><div><br /></div><div>7. Each codon codes for an individual amino acid.</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;">7a. When these are put together (in a specific order), they make up a specific protein.</div></blockquote></blockquote><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgR08KGWETziIVPAqKCKVGhI2Ygw1JEUKHfrUCn4H7LfOD_jowDAhELU-KS2VDaDC11Ri8bLZNROUwt5UQcC7AuoPHhWNsyjG_ORjhSLR31e3fvARGY6dN-r5PqvuxWB08zCBuq2gigxfKB9vlby-ES-ZTGT2Ib9dHZu3WPPhUVfbM5Lcy-MNxz33jEvA=s1013" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="1013" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgR08KGWETziIVPAqKCKVGhI2Ygw1JEUKHfrUCn4H7LfOD_jowDAhELU-KS2VDaDC11Ri8bLZNROUwt5UQcC7AuoPHhWNsyjG_ORjhSLR31e3fvARGY6dN-r5PqvuxWB08zCBuq2gigxfKB9vlby-ES-ZTGT2Ib9dHZu3WPPhUVfbM5Lcy-MNxz33jEvA=w640-h450" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><b>That's pretty much it!</b> But… Let's look at it again with pictures and more words! </p><p>After transcription, it is time to begin the process called translation. </p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">You can think of it this way… in transcription, the DNA code is copied—transcribed. Then, the code has to be translated from the letters (A, U, C, and G) into a specific sequence of amino acids.</span></p></blockquote><p><i>Okay… </i><b><span style="font-size: medium;">at the end of transcription, the cell has an edited strand of mRNA.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b>Translation is the step that takes the mRNA code and turns it into a protein.</p><p>Translation occurs at the ribosome. <i>(Sometimes, you'll see it described as "on" the ribosome.)</i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhhKPqOCiaj1wuvXvk1UILmY9ME60IQjuzXgWJA3aEUW7TxaHNxJ2WrIVrIByVGd_PIgYskTb_dIY-PJQ3sX9PcmjZcs1WjhlTgSOIXLaTN1AVQ-eWXyjR45UcLmywOuV-dVTtgYWZOkdyIWbFHnOyk6vhQ0xlmutSa1sYsmeTmZWwhhISS_P5DXZXzOA=s895" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="769" data-original-width="895" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhhKPqOCiaj1wuvXvk1UILmY9ME60IQjuzXgWJA3aEUW7TxaHNxJ2WrIVrIByVGd_PIgYskTb_dIY-PJQ3sX9PcmjZcs1WjhlTgSOIXLaTN1AVQ-eWXyjR45UcLmywOuV-dVTtgYWZOkdyIWbFHnOyk6vhQ0xlmutSa1sYsmeTmZWwhhISS_P5DXZXzOA=w400-h344" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p><i>Wazzat?</i></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>mRNA travels to the ribosome to wait for tRNA.</li><li>tRNA transfers the anticodon and the appropriate amino acid to the mRNA sequence.</li><li>Amino acids are joined together with peptide bonds by the ribosome to make a protein. <br />(Amino acids make up a protein)</li></ol><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj-fVr1OUMKgBg2QCCU30UXxzO1E--iGqMswfgLOagJaHw8EvtzlY6H5ekpuHR4pccAoQLq8T3kNhMaLD_Jua3cNloqaEgcSQqTdVsPJ_VEUCnWP9oxB3TrK6AbFIyobJ-N1YJCI9cA44XHeNSjQK6ACKHglsX9dW2LQce7mI1aXH2nx5PkeL5iyfuQxw=s563" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="563" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj-fVr1OUMKgBg2QCCU30UXxzO1E--iGqMswfgLOagJaHw8EvtzlY6H5ekpuHR4pccAoQLq8T3kNhMaLD_Jua3cNloqaEgcSQqTdVsPJ_VEUCnWP9oxB3TrK6AbFIyobJ-N1YJCI9cA44XHeNSjQK6ACKHglsX9dW2LQce7mI1aXH2nx5PkeL5iyfuQxw=w400-h289" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>tRNA acts as a molecular “bridge” that connects mRNA codons to the appropriate amino acid. One end has an anticodon and the other has the matching amino acid.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjR4NUhGovSCCTFY_GC2F-3Lt6BS-6F1hc1nHrDex2_h90woUYUzLw-9kI7X37wYxdWTAlkSdjGxH5chHxkL81N0In_j06WRyYTalZYLj0N6sEH53sHdMH9om0VVXyh7oWDW6XsIHX9m4BmIDy88Q-2UsZ7JtC3hQRc-JkiUx2tzP5R6VtXW3GnzVYAOQ=s1001" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="1001" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjR4NUhGovSCCTFY_GC2F-3Lt6BS-6F1hc1nHrDex2_h90woUYUzLw-9kI7X37wYxdWTAlkSdjGxH5chHxkL81N0In_j06WRyYTalZYLj0N6sEH53sHdMH9om0VVXyh7oWDW6XsIHX9m4BmIDy88Q-2UsZ7JtC3hQRc-JkiUx2tzP5R6VtXW3GnzVYAOQ=w640-h280" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div>An anticodon is the complementary codon of the original mRNA codon. It is used to match up to the correct part of the sequence. Anticodons are like placeholders that allow tRNA to bind to the mRNA.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Hold on… What?</i></div><div><br /></div><div>The mRNA is the important sequence that codes for the amino acid. It is the RNA version of the DNA coding strand. The tRNA has one job: to transfer the appropriate amino acid (that the mRNA coded for) to the ribosome. The ribosome then puts those amino acids together and creates a protein.</div><div><br /></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hmm… could you be more specific?</span></i></div><div><br /></div><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Since the mRNA has a <b>specific</b> sequence of codons, then tRNA <i>MUST</i> line up in a <i>specific</i> sequence dragging their <b>specific</b> amino acid along with them. The result is that the amino acids line up in a <b>specific</b> sequence. And… that <b>specific</b> sequence determines which protein is made.</span></div><p></p></blockquote><p></p><div>Woo… how about another picture?</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWTbcCy5c9pgoTL4F5I5q34aMTTAFz0z82sqrxkLqBq159zK0UYhnuVMkooBKS_MB9MvR5Sf5fCWmC6Fkhe-1GWoTZHd_Mf8x0jrY8Za5rg_izpM5fuWrBarzDNYFI0Nnsj_IzSlgqdwiJ2asuMBICXiynSEEFXzkB2W9OSnbb6W13v3T1CAYe4dEhbQ=s762" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="614" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWTbcCy5c9pgoTL4F5I5q34aMTTAFz0z82sqrxkLqBq159zK0UYhnuVMkooBKS_MB9MvR5Sf5fCWmC6Fkhe-1GWoTZHd_Mf8x0jrY8Za5rg_izpM5fuWrBarzDNYFI0Nnsj_IzSlgqdwiJ2asuMBICXiynSEEFXzkB2W9OSnbb6W13v3T1CAYe4dEhbQ=w517-h640" width="517" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Mutations</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Do you think the correct base pair is brought every single time without error? Or that each codon is translated perfectly every time? A mutation is when the DNA sequence is changed.</div><div><br /></div><div><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Uh oh… this shoulds bad!</span></i></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUWxfuZ39-RLV9sXBhgl0Cq0C7z8wxpDOnNKeIUw1w0MbiI4CPZLwUpSdqaHb8BsM1tlWCgE40XRkcF-I2FSRcaBXdM8IY-munzRvszIiuIlFrNy6Acp3EXNtqMo0uNJIw7IuQWbvgBGGooRrxMFOgxp8MbF2_Gx74hxQCNlzu4oaulMuX_V6wlHo1_w=s648" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="648" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUWxfuZ39-RLV9sXBhgl0Cq0C7z8wxpDOnNKeIUw1w0MbiI4CPZLwUpSdqaHb8BsM1tlWCgE40XRkcF-I2FSRcaBXdM8IY-munzRvszIiuIlFrNy6Acp3EXNtqMo0uNJIw7IuQWbvgBGGooRrxMFOgxp8MbF2_Gx74hxQCNlzu4oaulMuX_V6wlHo1_w=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>The DNA sequence makes the mRNA, which provides the instructions to make a protein. Therefore, a change in the DNA sequence can completely change the protein being made.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><i>For instance… </i></div><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p></p><div>Having used the analogy that a protein is a sentence and the amino acids are the alphabet, you can imagine what might happen if you switch some of the letters around.</div><p></p><p></p><div><span style="color: #990000;">Who</span> is the girl going to marry?<br /><span style="color: #990000;">How</span> is the girl going to marry?</div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p>The boy was forced to give up his <span style="color: #38761d;">file</span>.<br />The boy was forced to give up his <span style="color: #38761d;">life</span>. </p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p></p><div>In the cases above, the two "proteins" made are <i>not</i> the same!</div><p></p></blockquote><p></p><div><br /></div><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg_dvmk6LUdOMIm-iNlxJgS3AEIu1nAaQLezp1kgOfvpI9KhvQ30lvw2wwXc7czbseneBGne2rwlup0tqGLeGz6xFFhAyZJlPIWPpt7llZDS-AsG_iiWLep19MPY-TcY169oHndHwSUNg-T7DXdvNKrbB-B7wZ5Hnw4OL2Wa5lfj9CS1jk6e0uXsowiZQ=s597" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="597" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg_dvmk6LUdOMIm-iNlxJgS3AEIu1nAaQLezp1kgOfvpI9KhvQ30lvw2wwXc7czbseneBGne2rwlup0tqGLeGz6xFFhAyZJlPIWPpt7llZDS-AsG_iiWLep19MPY-TcY169oHndHwSUNg-T7DXdvNKrbB-B7wZ5Hnw4OL2Wa5lfj9CS1jk6e0uXsowiZQ=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div><b>Mutations can occur from environmental factors</b> such as overexposure to:</div></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Chemicals</li><li>Pollutants</li><li>Radiation</li><li>Sunlight</li></ul></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Mutations can <i>also</i> occur during:</b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>DNA replication</b></li><li><b>protein synthesis.</b></li></ul></div><div>Mutations can be classified in different ways.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Point Mutations</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>A <b>point mutation</b> is when one nucleotide is swapped out for another.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1yOFbcKBcNNxU-GUfKxAls8mhUJr9wiM-mf4TiOIQwjPu0BCK_GFP_1oy6MQBzwqcy-d7UU4KSqY7zWlUh0ngCvvQI18upZp3w3UdZ2ORWT7wNVA4uI6rcwOtjiP0jvj1xVHRb1biyJMB_O4wmzWFR1NZrGgT1erBZxb9k0EXtiXyoHMYyrnvWpcveQ=s752" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="752" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1yOFbcKBcNNxU-GUfKxAls8mhUJr9wiM-mf4TiOIQwjPu0BCK_GFP_1oy6MQBzwqcy-d7UU4KSqY7zWlUh0ngCvvQI18upZp3w3UdZ2ORWT7wNVA4uI6rcwOtjiP0jvj1xVHRb1biyJMB_O4wmzWFR1NZrGgT1erBZxb9k0EXtiXyoHMYyrnvWpcveQ=w400-h258" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>A point mutation can be <b>a <u>silent mutation</u> if the resulting amino acid does not change as a result of the mutation.</b><br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvqQ4zT4Rs4YJGybceGqqpjEnuK5K4Pl4PrrfElSEXNkZZhoQ8vY3KOmmxEq12x704AZ7kxwVTqKPuzFu1SqQrEBrUfh0MV4t0wo8dTELrWklrt-z2LgYpQ1TcNEFaarpKS2Uy5qN7wPuRtiqm2NX2obBnNR7b1kWJslFh8PjIUIxCPbvWfuGZMsu5Bw=s603" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="599" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvqQ4zT4Rs4YJGybceGqqpjEnuK5K4Pl4PrrfElSEXNkZZhoQ8vY3KOmmxEq12x704AZ7kxwVTqKPuzFu1SqQrEBrUfh0MV4t0wo8dTELrWklrt-z2LgYpQ1TcNEFaarpKS2Uy5qN7wPuRtiqm2NX2obBnNR7b1kWJslFh8PjIUIxCPbvWfuGZMsu5Bw=w318-h320" width="318" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables" target="_blank"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Source, 2022-02</span></i></a></td></tr></tbody></table><div><b><i>Silent Mutation Example</i></b></div><div><br /></div><div>If the DNA sequence “GGT” gets changed to “GGG.” </div><div><br /></div><div>The mRNA sequence would change from “CCA” to “CCC.” </div><div><br /></div><div>“CCA” and “CCC” both code for Proline, <b>so no harm would be done. </b></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>A point mutation can also be a<b> <u>missense mutation</u> if the amino acid changes as a result of the mutation.</b></div><div><br /></div><div>If the DNA sequence “GGT” gets changed to “CGT.”</div><div>The mRNA sequence would change from “CCA” to “GCA.”</div><div><br /></div><div>“CCA” codes for Proline; “GCA” codes for Alanine.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>This changes the entire protein.</b></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Frameshift Mutations</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>A frameshift mutation is when a nucleotide is either inserted or deleted in the DNA sequence.</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div>Ex: ABCDEF AB<span style="color: #990000;">B</span>CDEF</div></div><div><div>Ex: A<span style="color: #990000;">B</span>CDEF ACDEF</div></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9Q17ndPSV5PRPdQTsUiQ5FoXMs2TrZilkdEq0Fe9r7amvC4c4EJLy6aBueYLpeFhp6DOTKpFlXIjeCPIfP6HfH4TUhT5pn_P8yzk2nSJTSz_GJ5qNcy8QsO3BeJuiHXmPTy_4Wj1wZ-4pRexOPCpgIztYGlhBI4UEmiG78sDPNoEtc0kbfHRXUtSjoA=s790" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="790" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9Q17ndPSV5PRPdQTsUiQ5FoXMs2TrZilkdEq0Fe9r7amvC4c4EJLy6aBueYLpeFhp6DOTKpFlXIjeCPIfP6HfH4TUhT5pn_P8yzk2nSJTSz_GJ5qNcy8QsO3BeJuiHXmPTy_4Wj1wZ-4pRexOPCpgIztYGlhBI4UEmiG78sDPNoEtc0kbfHRXUtSjoA=w640-h342" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Inversion Mutations</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div>An inversion mutation is when a DNA sequence gets reversed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ex: ABC<span style="color: #990000;">DEF</span> ABC<span style="color: #990000;">FED</span></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiFWlNNrsspmOYOZxpIHgrFla8G7n6ocjKy55Mb8TDkQwFuaM0TNjebUqJbIuhDw32SQs5pCGO2K681SXD2CJDV8W9LgE4kfX-6nZAfSgBuXWTQVybFbrP4oNMhFa1t7sG04kkDpUdBJpeb6fteQU4FP68rbe0T8oZQqADrUQili2q97KjtGqCDW7ucpQ=s607" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="607" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiFWlNNrsspmOYOZxpIHgrFla8G7n6ocjKy55Mb8TDkQwFuaM0TNjebUqJbIuhDw32SQs5pCGO2K681SXD2CJDV8W9LgE4kfX-6nZAfSgBuXWTQVybFbrP4oNMhFa1t7sG04kkDpUdBJpeb6fteQU4FP68rbe0T8oZQqADrUQili2q97KjtGqCDW7ucpQ=w400-h283" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><i>Hey… <u>Could</u> mutations be GOOD?<br /></i><div><br /></div><div><b>Sometimes, mutations help an organism out. </b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8FWNdydJ7ilNeOZl_pO1WODNL_vQagJQdrlFR_6ltA9oTJ7jKm27WMLzoQpPhTKKizdqWnXXnjf2rXq4BA324JZlrcOLKfQ4QssGHCnVGzoXJZ1I9_7NzTUHh8sM32f7MaUrLLY6Sf5uiar5G3hnGRng4nX-OSgq1lmqMyeo0Jk0yXr2uvyseQKDe9g=s1002" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="1002" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8FWNdydJ7ilNeOZl_pO1WODNL_vQagJQdrlFR_6ltA9oTJ7jKm27WMLzoQpPhTKKizdqWnXXnjf2rXq4BA324JZlrcOLKfQ4QssGHCnVGzoXJZ1I9_7NzTUHh8sM32f7MaUrLLY6Sf5uiar5G3hnGRng4nX-OSgq1lmqMyeo0Jk0yXr2uvyseQKDe9g=w640-h178" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div>Mutations can help increase an organism’s fitness and helps increase genetic variability within a species.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkTNwLMyPzbLjwH7dPYRhzMgxYwdzHYLfZ4JWVSAK5Xx10Cu6HviuYAjKDKXUZBKD4N7Tu62M2ztW9_ZVUQYOc74mNT7svH1McBIlWgfLK3JEft7Y445O40g0dl2pQMKFdbe6KaAEvpevqBlcVQnkIdWQYJ180dfRANkDgN92XbRXIghpNQYZ04wg5Gg=s935" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="723" data-original-width="935" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkTNwLMyPzbLjwH7dPYRhzMgxYwdzHYLfZ4JWVSAK5Xx10Cu6HviuYAjKDKXUZBKD4N7Tu62M2ztW9_ZVUQYOc74mNT7svH1McBIlWgfLK3JEft7Y445O40g0dl2pQMKFdbe6KaAEvpevqBlcVQnkIdWQYJ180dfRANkDgN92XbRXIghpNQYZ04wg5Gg=w400-h309" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjfVdbvg-0jYz2itUA6cvxe2LRTzP_QhYbw-HE1sqXZBvImdaqyHOvuPBQSMLTjYdv1ZkHk3E0WlKGQ9fEQbT5CyxCKjXxiuCq2UZmOnSqjzGqCEGJ2UBVJ6i35H3GTtXNlToi_BXbnKGUb7XlJtH9AgW1CUTkirZquT1Rf84tLqwMKxuhrvFlQY5SQoQ=s854" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="746" data-original-width="854" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjfVdbvg-0jYz2itUA6cvxe2LRTzP_QhYbw-HE1sqXZBvImdaqyHOvuPBQSMLTjYdv1ZkHk3E0WlKGQ9fEQbT5CyxCKjXxiuCq2UZmOnSqjzGqCEGJ2UBVJ6i35H3GTtXNlToi_BXbnKGUb7XlJtH9AgW1CUTkirZquT1Rf84tLqwMKxuhrvFlQY5SQoQ=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><p></p>Bill Snodgrasshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07906824838707065266noreply@blogger.com0